广西刁江野生鱼类重金属积累特征及其健康风险评价

为评估广西刁江野生鱼类重金属积累特征及其健康风险,分析了广西刁江水系8种野生鱼类肌肉中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)和汞(Hg)5种重金属的含量水平.利用污染指数法和目标危害系数法对其污染程度、食用安全性及健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,所有鱼类肌肉样品中Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg的含量范围分别为0.041~1.160、0.000 1~0.066、0.173~0.789、0.010~2.420和0.000 7~0.077 mg·kg~(-1).Pb和As的含量水平超出《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2012)的限值,超标率分别为5.06%和64.56%;而Cd、Cr和Hg的含量水平未出现超标现象.污染指数结果表明:越南鱊和须鱊受到重金属严重污染;罗非鱼处于中污染水平;餐鲦、南方拟餐、鲫鱼、大眼鳜和草鱼处于轻污染水平.刁江水系8种野生鱼类对Pb、Cr和Hg的富集程度较大;肉食性和杂食性鱼类重金属含量水平高于草食性鱼类.越南鱊和须鱊复合重金属目标危害系数均大于1,这表明当地居民长期摄食越南鱊和须鱊暴露重金属存在潜在健康风险.在所有野生鱼类(南方拟餐和餐鲦除外)的复合重金属目标危害系数中,As的贡献比例最高,平均贡献率达到76.63%,说明As是主要风险元素.     

我国矿山透水事故致因分析及安全管理对策

为找出影响矿山透水事故的主要因素,提出有针对性的管理对策.首先利用统计分析方法对80起透水事故案例原因进行统计分析,结果显示导致矿山透水事故的直接原因主要有违章、非法开采、越界开采、防水设施不符合规范要求、水文地质资料不清、破坏防水设施;间接原因主要有思想麻痹、安全监督检查不到位、违反探放水原则、法律意识淡薄、安全教育培训不到位.其次,结合透水事故的发生机理,利用鱼刺图法从人、物、环境和管理等方面进行系统分析.综合统计分析和系统分析,确定影响矿山透水事故的主要因素为管理因素.在此基础上,提出了相应的安全管理对策.     

Monitoring and estimating the flow conditions and fish presence probability under various flow conditions at reach scale using genetic algorithms and kriging methods

The combination of current velocity and water depth influences stream flow conditions, and fish activities prefer particular flow conditions. This study develops a novel optimal flow classification method for identifying types of stream flow based on the current velocity and the water depth using a genetic algorithm. It is applied to the Datuan stream in northern Taiwan. Fish were sampled and their habitat investigated at the study site during the spring, summer, fall and winter of 2008-2009. The current velocity, water depth and maps of the presence probability of fish were estimated by ordinary and indicator kriging. The optimal classification results were compared with the classification results obtained using the Froude number and empirical methods. The flow classification results demonstrate that the proposed optimal flow classification method that considers depth-velocity and optimally identified criteria for classifying flow types, yields a current velocity and water depth of 0.32 (m/s) and 0.29 (m), respectively, and classifies the flow conditions in the study area as pool, run, riffle and slack. The variography results of the current velocity and the water depth data reveal that seasonal flows are not spatially stationary among seasons in the study area. Kriging methods and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (River 2D) with empirical and optimal flow classification methods are more effective than the Froude number method in classifying flow conditions in the study area. The flow condition classifications and probability maps were generated by River 2D, ordinary kriging and indicator kriging, to quantify the flow conditions preferred by Sicyopterus japonicus in the study area. However, the proposed optimal classification method with kriging and River 2D is an effective alternative method for mapping flow conditions and determining the relationship between flow and the presence probability of target fish in support of stream restoration.     

粤北三座典型中型水库富营养化与浮游植物群落特征

于2010年丰水期（8月）和枯水期（12月）采集粤北地区3座中型水库（沐溪、苍村和赤石迳水库）的水和浮游植物,分析植物群落与水质,以考察季节性温度差异与鱼类养殖对水库水质和浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明,3座水库分别属富营养、中营养和中营养水平,营养盐质量浓度丰水期高于枯水期。共鉴定浮游植物7门56种（属）,群落组成以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为主。沐溪水库丰枯两季均以蓝藻为优势类群,其浮游植物丰度和生物量明显高于其余两座水库（p〈0.01）;苍村和赤石迳水库丰水期优势门类均为蓝藻,枯水期均为硅藻。3座水库浮游植物丰度均表现为丰水期高于枯水期,生物量则枯水期高于丰水期,但均无显著性差异（p〉0.05）。RDA（冗余分析）结果表明,透明度、总氮和悬浮物是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要因素;其中,沐溪水库的营养盐和悬浮物与浮游植物群落正相关,苍村和赤石迳水库浮游植物群落则与水深和透明度正相关;温度对浮游植物群落的影响主要体现在种类组成的季节差异上。营养盐和优势种类的季节差异造成了浮游植物丰度和生物量在丰水期和枯水期的不一致。聚类分析将不同季节的3座水库分为2个类区,非养鱼水库苍村和赤石迳水库为第一类区,养鱼的沐溪水库为第二类区。沐溪水库库区内发展鱼类养殖业为浮游植物提供了高质量浓度营养盐（尤其是总磷）,即使在温度较低的冬季仍支持蓝藻种类的优势性。     

HgCl2对斑马鱼SOD,AChE酶活性和基因相对转录量的影响

以HgCl2为实验毒物,研究其对斑马鱼的毒性效应,经染毒后,分别在第1天和第7天取斑马鱼的肌肉测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性,半定量RT-PCR检测肌肉中乙酰胆碱酯酶、细胞色素P450(CYP 1A)和超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)基因的相对转录量.结果显示HgCl2对斑马鱼的毒性很强...     

鱼类实验动物的生物学特性及应用

本文阐述了鱼类实验动物的生物学特性,并综述了其作为实验动物在生物医学研究中的应用现状.     

Interannual fluctuations in acoustic biomass estimates and in landings of small pelagic fish populations in relation to hydrology in the Strait of Sicily

The main results of research work carried out since 1998 with regard to the application of hydro-acoustic technologies for the evaluation of biomass and distribution of small pelagic fish species off the southern coast of Sicily are presented, taking into account information from hydrology and from ecology of the fish populations targeted. The biomass estimates and the population-density charts presented concern the two main species, i.e. sardine Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758). Both the sardine and anchovy populations experienced large inter-annual fluctuations, with biomass estimates ranging from 6000 to over 36,000 tonnes (t) (sardine) and from about 7000 to 23,000 t (anchovy). Acoustic estimates are largely consistent with landings recorded in Sciacca (the main fishing port for small pelagic species in the study area) during the year following the evaluation surveys. In addition, trends in sardine and anchovy biomass estimates appears to be negatively correlated with the mean sea surface temperature calculated over the time intervals January-September (sardine) and June-November (anchovy) of the preceding year, which correspond to larval and juvenile growth periods of target species. Observed patterns would suggest the importance of enrichment processes relevant to the survival of early stages, so determining recruitment success and finally higher population sizes.     

Physiological mechanisms of degradation of fish populations in acidified water bodies

Disturbances in fish that result from water acidification and related factors are analyzed in the context of generalizations based on the results of experimental and field studies. It is shown that low pH, monomeric aluminum, and other metal ions have an adverse effect on physiological processes in fish and are a major cause of their death in acidified lakes and rivers. The vulnerability of fish to low water pH at different stages of their life cycle and mechanisms of delayed mortality are discussed.     

鱼类洄游通道恢复——国外的经验及中国的对策

简要介绍了鱼类洄游和鱼类洄游通道恢复的概念及类型。从法律与政策、资金筹措、恢复方法、恢复效果监测评估、信息交流与公众参与等5个方面介绍了欧盟、美、日、澳大利亚等国在鱼类洄游通道恢复方面积累的先进经验和成功实践,并在此基础上提出了我国鱼类洄游通道恢复应采取的对策：开展鱼类洄游通道恢复的立法和政策制定工作,加强鱼类洄游通道恢复工作的法律保障力度;开展流域阻碍鱼类洄游的障碍物调查和影响评价,制定流域鱼类洄游通道恢复规划;探索建立和完善多元化投入机制;加强鱼类洄游通道恢复研究能力建设,建立科学的技术支撑体系;开展鱼类洄游通道恢复关键技术研究;重视河流鱼类洄游通道恢复效果的监测评估工作;开展信息交流和公众教育,积极营造全社会参与的良好氛围。     

南沙港网箱养殖水域沉积环境质量评价

2007-01至2007-11分4个航次对宁波南沙港网箱养殖区沉积物环境质量状况进行了现场调查,利用MOM—B系统的三个子集参数对沉积环境质量进行了评价。结果表明：子集1得出2007-01的平均分数小于0．5,而-2007—04、2007—07以及2007—11的平均分数均大于0．5;子集2得出4个季节沉积物的pH和氧化还原电位变化范围分别为7．15—8．33和-197．5m～-105my;子集3得出4个航次得到的平均分数介于4和10之间;综合3个子集的结果来看,南沙港网箱养殖区沉积物环境质量状况冬季为2级,春季、夏季和秋季均属于4级严重污染状态。