鄱阳湖子湖“堑秋湖”渔业资源结构特征分析

"堑秋湖"是广泛存在于鄱阳湖湖区且与鄱阳湖水文节律特征相顺应的一种渔业方式。为了解"堑秋湖"渔获物组成特征及其产量与水位之间的关系,于2011~2013年"堑秋湖"期间对江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区的子湖大湖池和沙湖进行了连续3年的渔业调查。2011年,大湖池和沙湖与修河分别相通23d和10d,鄱阳湖属旱涝急转气候;2012年鄱阳湖水势较大,大湖池和沙湖与修河分别相通124d和108d。2013年鄱阳湖再现旱情,大湖池和沙湖均未能与修河连通。2011年渔业调查开展7次,2012年调查9次,2013年调查5次。3a调查累计获得鱼类59种隶属于6目12科43属。3年研究结果表明渔获物以鲤科鱼类为主,在种类上变化不大但优势物种有所改变且渔获物产量呈下降趋势,无度量多维排序结果(MSD)显示鱼类群落在不同年度和子湖间分离明显。经济鱼类的单位捕捞努力量(CPUE)与水位变化的线性回归分析结果表明,2011年经济鱼类产量与当日水位呈正相关性,但2012年和2013年两者的相关性却不明显。     

水电站鱼类人工增殖放流标记方法研究概述

鱼类人工增殖放流是缓解水电建设对鱼类资源影响的一个重要措施,也是一项非常复杂的系统工程。标记放流可以帮助人们准确获得鱼类的种群信息,是鱼类增殖放流效果评估的重要手段之一。目前,国内外常用的标记方法主要有体外标记法、体内标记法、自然标记法、化学标记法、生物遥测法、分子遗传标记法,文章介绍了这些标记方法的特点及应用,分析了中国鱼类标记放流方面存在的问题并提出了加强鱼类标记方法的科学研究、采用多种途径对标记鱼类进行回收、建立科学合理的回收体系和加强鱼类回收后研究的建议。     

NaOH改性鱼骨粉材料对Cd(II)的吸附

以鱼骨粉（FBM）为原料,利用NaOH处理制备高性能改性鱼骨粉材料（FBM_T）,通过比表面积仪（BET）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电镜-光电子能谱（SEM-EDS）、透射电镜（TEM）等手段对吸附前后材料形貌、孔结构、功能基团进行表征分析.结果表明,与FBM相比,FBM_T出现一定数目中孔和大孔,具备了高孔容和平均孔径,分别增加68.57%和24.69%.FBM_T材料表面-OH、C=O和PO₄^3-等官能团含量增加,显示出一定的缓冲性能.FBM和FBM_T对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附经历快速的分配和慢速的吸附两个阶段,符合准二级动力学模型,相关系数R²分别达到0.8635及0.9480.Langmuir模型较好地拟合FBM和FBM_T对Cd（Ⅱ）的等温吸附过程,对Cd（Ⅱ）饱和吸附量由改性前的9.28mg/g增至改性后的22.47mg/g,对应的吸附强度K_F值也随之增加.分离因子0 < R_L < 1表明Cd（Ⅱ）的去除过程为有利吸附.功能材料与Cd（Ⅱ）的作用机理主要包括阳离子专性吸附、静电吸附、离子交换、表面络合及沉淀作用.以上研究为鱼骨粉修复Cd污染提供一种经济有效的方法.     

广西刁江野生鱼类重金属积累特征及其健康风险评价

为评估广西刁江野生鱼类重金属积累特征及其健康风险,分析了广西刁江水系8种野生鱼类肌肉中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)和汞(Hg)5种重金属的含量水平.利用污染指数法和目标危害系数法对其污染程度、食用安全性及健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,所有鱼类肌肉样品中Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg的含量范围分别为0.041~1.160、0.000 1~0.066、0.173~0.789、0.010~2.420和0.000 7~0.077 mg·kg~(-1).Pb和As的含量水平超出《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762-2012)的限值,超标率分别为5.06%和64.56%;而Cd、Cr和Hg的含量水平未出现超标现象.污染指数结果表明:越南鱊和须鱊受到重金属严重污染;罗非鱼处于中污染水平;餐鲦、南方拟餐、鲫鱼、大眼鳜和草鱼处于轻污染水平.刁江水系8种野生鱼类对Pb、Cr和Hg的富集程度较大;肉食性和杂食性鱼类重金属含量水平高于草食性鱼类.越南鱊和须鱊复合重金属目标危害系数均大于1,这表明当地居民长期摄食越南鱊和须鱊暴露重金属存在潜在健康风险.在所有野生鱼类(南方拟餐和餐鲦除外)的复合重金属目标危害系数中,As的贡献比例最高,平均贡献率达到76.63%,说明As是主要风险元素.     

我国矿山透水事故致因分析及安全管理对策

为找出影响矿山透水事故的主要因素,提出有针对性的管理对策.首先利用统计分析方法对80起透水事故案例原因进行统计分析,结果显示导致矿山透水事故的直接原因主要有违章、非法开采、越界开采、防水设施不符合规范要求、水文地质资料不清、破坏防水设施;间接原因主要有思想麻痹、安全监督检查不到位、违反探放水原则、法律意识淡薄、安全教育培训不到位.其次,结合透水事故的发生机理,利用鱼刺图法从人、物、环境和管理等方面进行系统分析.综合统计分析和系统分析,确定影响矿山透水事故的主要因素为管理因素.在此基础上,提出了相应的安全管理对策.     

Monitoring and estimating the flow conditions and fish presence probability under various flow conditions at reach scale using genetic algorithms and kriging methods

The combination of current velocity and water depth influences stream flow conditions, and fish activities prefer particular flow conditions. This study develops a novel optimal flow classification method for identifying types of stream flow based on the current velocity and the water depth using a genetic algorithm. It is applied to the Datuan stream in northern Taiwan. Fish were sampled and their habitat investigated at the study site during the spring, summer, fall and winter of 2008-2009. The current velocity, water depth and maps of the presence probability of fish were estimated by ordinary and indicator kriging. The optimal classification results were compared with the classification results obtained using the Froude number and empirical methods. The flow classification results demonstrate that the proposed optimal flow classification method that considers depth-velocity and optimally identified criteria for classifying flow types, yields a current velocity and water depth of 0.32 (m/s) and 0.29 (m), respectively, and classifies the flow conditions in the study area as pool, run, riffle and slack. The variography results of the current velocity and the water depth data reveal that seasonal flows are not spatially stationary among seasons in the study area. Kriging methods and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (River 2D) with empirical and optimal flow classification methods are more effective than the Froude number method in classifying flow conditions in the study area. The flow condition classifications and probability maps were generated by River 2D, ordinary kriging and indicator kriging, to quantify the flow conditions preferred by Sicyopterus japonicus in the study area. However, the proposed optimal classification method with kriging and River 2D is an effective alternative method for mapping flow conditions and determining the relationship between flow and the presence probability of target fish in support of stream restoration.     

粤北三座典型中型水库富营养化与浮游植物群落特征

于2010年丰水期（8月）和枯水期（12月）采集粤北地区3座中型水库（沐溪、苍村和赤石迳水库）的水和浮游植物,分析植物群落与水质,以考察季节性温度差异与鱼类养殖对水库水质和浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明,3座水库分别属富营养、中营养和中营养水平,营养盐质量浓度丰水期高于枯水期。共鉴定浮游植物7门56种（属）,群落组成以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为主。沐溪水库丰枯两季均以蓝藻为优势类群,其浮游植物丰度和生物量明显高于其余两座水库（p〈0.01）;苍村和赤石迳水库丰水期优势门类均为蓝藻,枯水期均为硅藻。3座水库浮游植物丰度均表现为丰水期高于枯水期,生物量则枯水期高于丰水期,但均无显著性差异（p〉0.05）。RDA（冗余分析）结果表明,透明度、总氮和悬浮物是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要因素;其中,沐溪水库的营养盐和悬浮物与浮游植物群落正相关,苍村和赤石迳水库浮游植物群落则与水深和透明度正相关;温度对浮游植物群落的影响主要体现在种类组成的季节差异上。营养盐和优势种类的季节差异造成了浮游植物丰度和生物量在丰水期和枯水期的不一致。聚类分析将不同季节的3座水库分为2个类区,非养鱼水库苍村和赤石迳水库为第一类区,养鱼的沐溪水库为第二类区。沐溪水库库区内发展鱼类养殖业为浮游植物提供了高质量浓度营养盐（尤其是总磷）,即使在温度较低的冬季仍支持蓝藻种类的优势性。     

HgCl2对斑马鱼SOD,AChE酶活性和基因相对转录量的影响

以HgCl2为实验毒物,研究其对斑马鱼的毒性效应,经染毒后,分别在第1天和第7天取斑马鱼的肌肉测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性,半定量RT-PCR检测肌肉中乙酰胆碱酯酶、细胞色素P450(CYP 1A)和超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)基因的相对转录量.结果显示HgCl2对斑马鱼的毒性很强...     

鱼类实验动物的生物学特性及应用

本文阐述了鱼类实验动物的生物学特性,并综述了其作为实验动物在生物医学研究中的应用现状.     

Interannual fluctuations in acoustic biomass estimates and in landings of small pelagic fish populations in relation to hydrology in the Strait of Sicily

The main results of research work carried out since 1998 with regard to the application of hydro-acoustic technologies for the evaluation of biomass and distribution of small pelagic fish species off the southern coast of Sicily are presented, taking into account information from hydrology and from ecology of the fish populations targeted. The biomass estimates and the population-density charts presented concern the two main species, i.e. sardine Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758). Both the sardine and anchovy populations experienced large inter-annual fluctuations, with biomass estimates ranging from 6000 to over 36,000 tonnes (t) (sardine) and from about 7000 to 23,000 t (anchovy). Acoustic estimates are largely consistent with landings recorded in Sciacca (the main fishing port for small pelagic species in the study area) during the year following the evaluation surveys. In addition, trends in sardine and anchovy biomass estimates appears to be negatively correlated with the mean sea surface temperature calculated over the time intervals January-September (sardine) and June-November (anchovy) of the preceding year, which correspond to larval and juvenile growth periods of target species. Observed patterns would suggest the importance of enrichment processes relevant to the survival of early stages, so determining recruitment success and finally higher population sizes.