EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDE USE IN A PINE SEED ORCHARD ON PESTICIDE LEVELS IN FISH1

ABSTRACT: A hydroelectric lake on the Oconee River in central Georgia was sampled on a quarterly basis for four years to determine the impact of three insecticides on the pesticide loading of fish. The insecticides carbofuran (2,3,-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methyl-carbamate), fenvalerate [cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 4-chloro alpha (1-methylethyl)benzeneacetate], and azinphosmethyl [0,0-Dimethyl S-(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3-(4H)-ylmethyl phosphorodithioate] were used to control cone and seed insects on a pine seed orchard that is adjacent to Lake Oconee. Fish populations in areas of the lake that receive runoff from treated and untreated portions of the seed orchard were sampled using gill nets. Water and fish samples were collected monthly in 1981–1983 and quarterly in 1984. Species collected included carp (Cyprinus carpio), sucker (Catostomus spp., Erimyzon spp., Moxostoma spp., Minytrema spp.), bass (Micropterus spp.), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), spotted gar (Lepisosteus spp.), and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Few carbofuran residues (< 7 percent of fish samples contained detectable residues) and no azinphosmethyl or fenvalerate residues were detected despite measured inputs into the lake after insecticide application. Persistent agricultural insecticides including dieldrin, lindane, DDT, and toxaphene were detected in 32, 36, 58, and 83 percent of sampled fish, respectively. Screening for 20 other insecticides resulted in no detection of residues at a detection limit of 30–100 μg kg^-1.     

渭河流域鱼类群落结构特征及其受环境因子的影响分析

本文以渭河流域为研究区,调查了全流域45个点位的鱼类群落和水环境理化特征,采用聚类分析确定渭河流域主要的鱼类群落分布类型,并运用典范对应分析方法(Canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)识别影响渭河流域鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子.本次鱼类调查共鉴定出鱼类36种,其中,鲤科和鳅科是构成渭河流域鱼类群落的主要类群.鱼类聚类结果显示,群落结构可分为3组,第1组主要分布在渭河源头及上游支流,鱼类以陕西高原鳅(Triplophysa shaanxiensis)、岷县高原鳅(Triplophysa minxianensis)为优势物种,包括拉式鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii)、北方花鳅(Cobitis granoei)等敏感物种,耐受物种分布极少;第2组主要分布在渭河上游和泾洛河上游,鱼类以达里湖高原鳅(Triplophysa dalaica)、背斑高原鳅(Triplophysa stoliczkae dorsonotata)、棒花鱼(Abbottina rivularis)为优势物种,包括少数拉式鱥等敏感种;第3组主要分布在渭河中下游,鱼类以泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)、马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)、麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、棒花鱼和鲫(Carassius auratus)等江河平原鱼类为主,耐受物种较多.CCA分析结果显示,影响渭河流域的主要环境因子有海拔高度、溶解氧含量、流速、高锰酸盐指数、砂/淤泥/粘土所占比例和草地所占比例.而对于不同的指示物种,影响其分布的主要环境因子也各有不同.本研究是继20世纪80年代以来首次对渭河全流域进行水生态调查,并分析渭河流域鱼类的群落结构特征,可为流域水生态系统恢复提供重要的科学依据.     

重金属在北江鱼类和底栖动物体内的富集及污染评价

调查研究了北江中上游的鱼类、虾、螺和蚬,以及鲤鱼体内不同组织中重金属Pb、Cd、Hg、As的含量,并采用污染指数法对重金属的污染进行了评价。调查结果显示,不同水生动物体对同种重金属元素的富集量存在较大差异,而同一水生动物体对不同重金属元素的富集能力也有很大区别。北江鱼体肌肉中不同重金属的污染程度由强至弱的顺序为:CdPbHgAs;不同水生动物体的可食部分重金属综合污染水平由高至低依次为:蚬螺虾鱼。鱼体中不同器官组织对重金属的蓄积能力差异巨大,北江鲤鱼体内各器官组织蓄积重金属总量依次为:内脏鳃脂肪肌肉。该次调查采集的北江底栖类动物样品已明显受到重金属污染,达不到无公害水产品安全要求;而北江鱼类肌肉则满足无公害水产品安全要求。     

海洋生物样品中多溴联苯醚和多溴联苯的分析研究

将气相色谱-负离子化学源／质谱法(GC-NCI/MS)应用于分析海洋生物中五种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和五种多溴联苯(PBBs)残留.样品以正己烷／丙酮(1:l,v/v)作为提取剂,采用超声萃取法,提取液经酸性硅胶和中性硅胶层析柱净化和正己烷洗脱后,以PCB-103为内标物和GC-NCI/M的选择离子监测方式(SIM)...     

四溴联苯醚对剑尾鱼毒性及其抗氧化系统的影响

研究了四溴联苯醚(tetrabromodiphenyl ether,BDE-47)对剑尾鱼的急性毒性及其肝脏还原型谷光甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及7-乙氧基异吩恶唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性的影响.结果表明,BDE-47对剑尾鱼毒性作用属于高毒.GST和EROD...     

赤水河赤水市江段鱼类资源现状

根据2011～2013年赤水河赤水市江段的渔获物调查数据,对该江段的鱼类资源现状进行了研究。调查期间共采集到鱼类58种,隶属于3目10科47属。唇(Hemibarbus labeo)、中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)、蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi)、瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)、大鳍鳠(Mystus macropterus)、吻鮈(Rhinogobio typus)、粗唇鮠(Leiocassis crassilabris)、银鮈(Squalidus argentatus)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)、切尾拟鲿(Pseudobagrus truncates)、鲫(Carassius auratus)和鲇(Silurus asotus)等13种为调查江段的主要优势种类,它们在渔获物中的总数量百分比和总重量百分比分别为92.61%和93.82%。从捕捞规格来看,目前赤水市江段主要经济鱼类均以小型个体为主,平均体长多在200 mm以下,平均体重多在100 g以下,与历史调查数据相比,捕捞规格小型化趋势较为明显。建议相关部门加快渔民转产安置工作,争取早日实现赤水河流域全面禁渔,并建立流域统一协调管理机制,切实保护好赤水河这一长江上游珍稀特有鱼类的最后庇护所。     

金沙江一期工程蓄水前长江上游产漂流性卵鱼类产卵场现状

2010~2012年每年5~7月在长江上游江津江段开展鱼类产卵场调查。结果表明长江上游现有产漂流性卵鱼类21种,其中特有鱼类6种,分别为长薄鳅(Leptobotia elongata)、红唇薄鳅(Leptobotia rubrilabris)、中华金沙鳅(Jinshaia sinensis)、长鳍吻鮈(Rhinogobio ventralis)、圆筒吻鮈(Rhinogobio cylindricus)和异鳔鳅鮀(Gobiobotia boulengeri)。产漂流性卵鱼类的产卵量分别为32.42×10⁸粒、46.72×10⁸粒和39.71×10⁸粒,其中四大家鱼产卵量分别为3.21×10⁸粒、4.52×10⁸粒和2.69×10⁸粒,铜鱼产卵量分别为1.45×10⁸粒、3.33×10⁸粒和3.87×10⁸粒,长薄鳅产卵量分别为0.29×10⁸粒、0.99×10⁸粒和0.58×10⁸粒。产漂流性卵鱼类产卵高峰出现在5月底~7月初,产卵量日变化与流量和水温日变化显著相关,调查期间日均水位上涨率大于0.24 m/d产卵高峰最为集中。经推算,长江上游榕山镇、合江县和弥沱镇三江段为产漂流性卵鱼类的主要产卵场。金沙江一期工程蓄水后可能会对产漂流卵鱼类的繁殖产生影响。     

基于Meta分析的全氟化合物对鱼类生态毒性效应

全氟及多氟化合物（PFAS）是难降解的有机污染物,具有普遍存在、生物蓄积和生物学毒性效应等特点.为探讨PFAS对鱼类的生物毒性效应,综述了64篇文献,通过Meta分析合并效应值探讨鱼类暴露于PFAS对其功能性状的毒性,为PFAS的毒性评估提供参考,有利于PFAS污染的优先控制管理.结果表明：①在研究的12种功能性状中,鱼类的7类功能性状易感,毒性响应顺序为畸形（lnRR=-2.5599）、发育（lnRR=-0.4103）、细胞损伤（lnRR=-0.3962）、生殖（lnRR=-0.3724）、甲状腺水平（lnRR=-0.2492）、生长（lnRR=-0.2194）和生存（lnRR=-0.2192）;②鱼类性别和所处发育阶段显著影响PFAS的水生毒性,PFAS易对雌鱼产生不良影响（lnRR=-0.1628）,且胚胎期鱼类的生理功能受PFAS影响最显著（lnRR=-0.3553）;③研究涉及的PFAS共13种,其中具有磺酸盐基团的PFAS和长链PFAS更易对鱼类的功能性状产生不良影响（P<0.05）;④现有数据揭示PFAS在中低浓度（0.01~10 mg ·L^-1）下易对鱼类产生急性毒性（P<0.05）.     

Distribution and habitat characteristics of fishes in the Pearl River Estuary北大核心CSCD

To explore the current situation and distribution of fish in the eight major estuaries of the Pearl River Estuary in China, acoustic detection and water quality monitoring were conducted in 2018. The results showed that almost living in eight major estuaries were juvenile, the proportion of strong echo was higher in winter, and Jiaomen and Modaomen Estuary were relatively rich in adult fish. In winter, the Humen, Jiaomen, and Yamen Estuary had a high density relatively, for 46.05 (± 50.30), 33.12 (± 93), and 32 (± 78) ind/103 m3, respectively. However, the fish densities of the Hengmen, Modaomen, and Hutiaomen estuaries were higher in summer at 55.72 (± 83.23), 37.52 (± 55) and 36 (± 99) ind/103 m3, respectively. Thus, fish are mainly concentrated in the flood tidal estuary in winter and in the ebb tidal estuary in summer. In addition, fish density was higher in flood tide than in ebb tide, and the strong echo proportion was lower. In winter, the key water quality factors affecting the biodiversity of estuary fish Shannon were chlorophyll a (P < 0.05), while what affected the fish density were turbidity and salinity (P < 0.05). This study showed that the Pearl River estuary was still the main habitat for juvenile fish. However, habitat variability is obvious; hence, it is important to flexibly carry out the delimitation of estuarine fish reserves and ecological restoration. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.     

The effects of subchronic exposure to NeemAzal T/S on zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The objective of the study was to investigate the subchronic effects of the insecticidal preparation NeemAzal T/S at concentrations of 3, 10 and 30?mg/L on the mortality, growth and histopathology of juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio), as well as its related effects on selected indices of oxidative stress during a 28-day toxicity test. The juvenile growth toxicity test was performed according to OECD Guidelines 215 (Fish, Juvenile Growth Test). The results of this study indicate that these tested concentrations of NeemAzal T/S (containing 1% of the active ingredient azadirachtin A) affect fish growth and have a negative influence on the indices of oxidative stress in the juvenile stage of zebrafish, as well as cause mild histopathological changes in liver tissue.