Distribution of14C-TNT and derivatives in different biochemical compartments ofPhaseolus vulgaris

¹⁴C-TNT was used to quantify the uptake rate and metabolic turnover of TNT inPhaseolus vulgaris. Seventeen plants were analysed by a special cell fractionation method with polar and nonpolar solvents and enzymes. We obtained three cytoplasmic fractions and five cell wall derived fractions. The recovery rate was 72% as measured by liquid scintillation counting.¹⁴C partitioned almost in equal amounts with approximately 50% in the cytoplasm and in the cell wall. The majority of the TNT-metabolites are present in the cytoplasm as was shown by GC/ ECD and thin layer chromatography. The¹⁴C in the cell wall is bound probably resulting in long-term immobilisation of these metabolites. We conclude that plants may also be a model for nitroaromatic turnover and immobilisation in soil components.     

纳米氧化镍对3种绿藻的毒性效应

通过配制不同浓度(0,60,120,180,240,300mg/L)纳米氧化镍(nNiO)悬浊液,对四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)、普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)进行连续胁迫10d的毒性试验,测定nNiO对3种绿藻生长状况、叶绿素a、蛋白质、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的影响.结果表明,nNiO胁迫对四尾栅藻、普通小球藻和羊角月牙藻的生长均有一定抑制作用,在同一时间段内,总体呈明显剂量效应;nNiO低浓度(60~120mg/L)胁迫对供试藻的影响表现为“抑制—促进—抑制”,在一定时间内对供试藻有促进生长的作用;nNiO胁迫对四尾栅藻、普通小球藻和羊角月牙藻的毒性效应表现为叶绿素a和蛋白质含量减少,MDA含量升高,抗氧化活性降低;羊角月牙藻对nNiO的耐受性较强,四尾栅藻和普通小球藻较敏感.     

Effect of the water-soluble fraction of diesel exhaust particles on the development and protein patterns of pollen grains in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Excessive air pollution may adversely affect plant growth and development. The overall objective of this research was to elucidate some microscopic effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on the formation, development, and structure of pollen grains and its proteins in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Bean plants were grown in experimental pots and treated with different concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of DEP. Flowers and young buds were removed, fixed in FAA₇₀ (formalin?:?acetic acid?:?ethanol, 2?:?1?:?17), and subjected to developmental studies. Our results show that DEP cause some abnormalities during pollen development. Pollen grains in normal plants are spherical in equatorial view and triangular in polar view; in DEP-treated plants, they were changed into irregular shapes in equatorial view and asteroidal in polar view. Delay in degeneration of the tapetum layer of the anther, and formation of giant, irregular, and non-fertile pollen grains are other results of DEP treatment. Gel electrophoretic studies revealed that a new protein with a molecular mass of 80?kD was formed in the DEP-treated group. Some pollen proteins may act as allergens, considering the fact that pollen allergy frequency is increased in polluted areas; the possibility arises that DEP could be an effective agent entail formation of detoxifying proteins which, on the other hand, can also act as allergens.     

镉胁迫对菜豆幼苗基因组DNA多态性的影响

采用随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD)等技术,检测不同浓度镉(Cd)胁迫对菜豆幼苗叶片DNA损伤及相关生理特性的影响.结果表明,随着Cd处理浓度(0,20,40,80mg/L)的增加,菜豆幼苗中的Cd含量及叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量升高;叶片中可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、还原型谷胱甘肽在低浓度(20mg/L)Cd处理下含量增加,中、高浓度(40,80mg/L)Cd处理下减少.选取8条寡核苷酸引物(10bp),利用RAPD随机扩增技术,对菜豆幼苗叶片细胞基因组DNA进行扩增,8条引物均产生特异性谱带.正常叶片基因组DNA的RAPD图谱得到46条谱带.与正常组相比,Cd处理下利用不同引物扩增得到的RAPD图谱发生改变,呈现不同程度的谱带强度增强或减弱、谱带缺失或新增,与对照的RAPD图谱存在明显差异.Cd胁迫下基因组模板稳定性下降,并随Cd处理浓度的增加,稳定性下降幅度增大.利用RAPD技术获得的DNA多态性变化,可指示镉毒害生物遗传效应,并为镉污染地区蔬菜品种的选育及镉毒性的评价提供依据.     

不同pH条件下Cr6+对3种藻的毒性效应(The Toxicological Effects of Cr6+ on Chlorella Vulgaris, Scenedesmus Obliquus and Microcystis Aeruginosa at Different pH Values)

目前我国水质量生态基准的研究较为零星、分散.研究了不同pH条件下Cr6+对3种藻的毒性效应,以期为我国水生态基准的科学制定以及基准的相关研究工作提供参考.选取小球藻、斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻3种典型的藻种,在pH为7.0,8.0和9.0三个条件下,依据OECD-201藻类生长抑制实验指南,以72h藻生物量为测试终点,计算3种藻的比生长率,以及Cr6+对3种藻产生毒性效应的NOEC、LOEC、EC10和EC20值.结果表明,在本实验条件下,在不同pH条件下藻种生长不同,小球藻的最适pH值为7.0,斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的最适pH值为9.0;在不同pH条件下,Cr6+对小球藻、斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的毒性作用不同,Cr6+对小球藻在pH=7.0时毒性最小,对斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻在pH=9.0时的毒性最小.在藻最适生长的pH条件下,Cr6+的毒性可以达到最小程度;铜绿微囊藻对Cr6+比斜生栅藻和小球藻更加敏感.     

Cadmium bioaccumulation in three benthic fish species, Salaria basilisca,Zosterisessor ophiocephalus and Solea vulgaris collected from the Guff of Gabes in Tunisia

To select a marine teleost fish which can be used as a bioindicator of cadmium (Cd) pollution in the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia, Cd concentrations in liver and gill were compared in three benthic fish species including Salaria basilisca, Zosterisessor ophiocephalus and Solea vulgaris. Fish samples were collected from three selected sites in the Gulf of Gabes, with different degrees of Cd contamination: the industrialized coast of Sfax (S1), the coast of Douar Chart (S2) and the coast of Luza ($3). The results shows that Cd concentrations in both sediment and water collected from S1 were significantly higher (p<0.0001) than those from S2 and $3. For each species, Cd concentrations, in both liver and gill, showed the decreasing order: S1>S2>S3. The highest concentration of Cd was detected in the liver of S. basilisca, and only S. basilisca showed bioaccumulation factors (BAF) greater than 1 in all studied sites. In S1 and S2, BAF values respect the following order: S. basilisca>Z. ophiocephalus>S. vulgaris. These results of significant bioaccumulation of Cd, in terms of hepatic concentrations and bioaccamulation factors, indicated that S. basilisca can be used as bioindicator to evaluate the evolution of Cd pollution in the Gulf of Gahes.     

纳米银和银离子对2种微藻的急性毒性效应

为了探讨AgNPs对典型微藻的急性毒性效应及其机制,采用柠檬酸钠还原法制备AgNPs,以摇瓶实验法评估了不同浓度的AgNPs和Ag+对铜绿微囊藻和普通小球藻叶绿素a含量、形态结构和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。实验结果表明:AgNPs对普通小球藻和铜绿微囊藻的96 h-EC50分别为1.113 mg·L-1和0.697 mg·L-1,而Ag+对2种藻的96 h-EC50分别为0.106 mg·L-1和0.032 mg·L-1。扫描电镜结果表明:AgNPs处理使普通小球藻细胞表面出现褶皱,细胞变形甚至向内塌陷。对铜绿微囊藻部分细胞出现变形变得不规则,且出现某些胞外物质使细胞粘附在一起。透射电镜观察发现,高浓度Ag+处理使2种藻的细胞均发生质壁分离,部分细胞转变为孢子。而AgNPs处理使普通小球藻细胞蛋白核增大,蛋白核与类囊体区无明显连接通道。铜绿微囊藻拟核区膨大,类囊体和色素体被推向四周,部分类囊体断裂,同时,发现该藻可以分泌胞外物质在细胞周围吸附AgNPs颗粒。对于普通小球藻,0.6 mg·L-1AgNPs处理后细胞光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学量子产率ΦP0相对于CK没有显著差异,但0.09 mg·L-1Ag+处理使ΦP0显著增加。在高浓度AgNPs或Ag+处理时,ΦP0均显著降低。AgNPs未对普通小球藻光系统II性能参数PI_Abs造成影响,但不同浓度Ag+处理均使得该参数显著升高。对于铜绿微囊藻,2种毒物均使其ΦP0显著降低。而PI_Abs仅在2种毒物的最高浓度处理时显著降低。综上,AgNPs对2种藻的急性毒性远小于Ag+,而两者对铜绿微囊藻的毒性均大于普通小球藻。AgNPs胁迫使2种藻叶绿素a含量显著降低,并诱导2种藻在形态结构和光合生理方面发生了显著变化,造成不同程度的损伤,但与Ag+的毒性效应存在一定的差异。提高光吸收能通量补偿耗散能量和分泌胞外物质结合Ag+是微藻2种重要的解毒机制。