上海地区大气稳定度和气象区块的研究

根据１９８６年６月～１９８７年５月从上海市区４个站、郊县２个站的气象资料,研究了上海地区的大气稳定度和气象区块。采用３种方法确定稳定度的级别,并进行了比较。应用对风向、风速的聚类分析方法划定气象区块。对两站之间风的相关系数用了３种不同的公式进行计算。利用这些相关系数的结果,同时采用“最短距离法”和“最长距离法”,得到相关树枝图,并由此得出了上海地区的气象区块图。     

The division of Europe into regions with similar potential effectiveness and environmental consequences of pesticide application based on expert inclusive research

A division of Europe into regions with similar climate and soil conditions, assuming similar pesticide effectiveness and environmental effects of their application, was developed by a combination of statistical cluster analysis and expert involvement for identifying clustering variables and weighing their importance. The experts identified 15 variables representing climatic, soil and crop structure data and weighted them. In order to maximally simplify the administrative work with pesticide registration resulting from the division of Europe into zones, the additional criteria in the procedure were: the zoning follows existing administrative borders, country divisions by zone boundaries are limited, and situations where a zone consists of parts separated by another zone are avoided. The results of the analyses were compared with the applicable EPPO classification and visualized on maps. The highest similarity was observed in the southern Mediterranean zone, the layout of which differed by only a few regions. The Alpine part, having specific conditions, was not distinguished among the EPPO zones. Our study very clearly delineated the Central European part, having a climate with continental influence, which is distributed among other zones in the EPPO classification.     

谈矿山推行呼吸性粉尘监测

矿山粉尘严重危害矿工身体健康,现有全尘监测方法存在许多弊端,必须进行改革,采用于国际接轨的呼吸性粉尘监测方法,从此法在我国的试点情况和大冶有色金属公司的实践来看,全面推广的时机基本成熟。     

基于因子-聚类分析的地下水中阳离子来源研究

于2020—2021年对某市20个监测井80份地下水样本进行了调查。采用因子分析和聚类分析法以地下水中阳离子浓度为研究对象进行溯源分析。结果表明,地下水中阳离子浓度会受到不同程度、不同类别的人类活动影响,其阳离子的来源呈现多样化的特点,其中铅、铜、铝、锰为农业面源来源,铵、钠、总硬度是工业来源,另外,砷、铁及锌等为自然来源,而在自然来源中出现的砷、铁阳离子的富集现象,很明显是受到了城镇化及工业化的影响。锌与氢离子可能是地下水中pH值受到人类活动的影响,或者是地表水的侧向补给带来的影响。     

紫金山登山道主要树种抗火性研究

比较分析了紫金山登山道两侧主要树种的抗火能力,对紫金山不同立地、区位的森林生物防火林带建设和树种选择进行探讨和分析。利用层次分析法,从树种燃烧特性、生物学和生态抗火特性三个方面对紫金山登山道路两侧32种主要树种的抗火性进行综合评价分析,并利用聚类分析对32种树种的抗火性进行分类。结果表明:石楠、油茶、冬青、栓皮栎、青冈、枸骨、麻栎等12种树种综合抗火性较强;朴树、枫香、黄檀、黄连木等7种树种综合抗火性一般;糙叶树、短叶中华石楠、苦树、山胡椒、紫薇、狭叶山胡椒等12种树种综合抗火性较弱;马尾松综合抗火性最弱。树种抗火性评价的11项评价指标中树叶特性、含水率、树皮特征、热值、树冠结构5项指标对树种抗火性影响较大,综合生物学特征对树种抗火性影响最大。冬青、青冈、女贞等常绿大乔木,石楠、油茶、枸骨、茶树等常绿灌木抗火性较强,可以作为防火树种。糙叶树、短叶中华石楠、苦树、山胡椒、紫薇、狭叶山胡椒、瓜木、构树、鸡爪槭、白檀、青桐、卫矛、马尾松等抗火性差,在森林防火中需要重点防护。     

基于气流轨迹聚类分析方法浅析桂林市酸雨来源

通过对桂林市2009—2013年的酸雨状况及变化趋势分析,结果表明:桂林市酸雨强度及频率从2010年出现峰值后,呈现逐渐下降的趋势;酸雨的季节分布差异明显,冬、春季酸雨频率较高,夏季相对较低;酸雨中的阴离子主要为SO2-4和NO-3,阳离子主要为Ca2+和NH+4。利用后向轨迹和聚类分析方法对桂林市酸雨来源进行气流轨迹模拟分析,结果显示,主要作用气流来自南方地区,其中东南和偏东南方向气流形成的降雨酸性较强,酸雨频率较高。     

Use of thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) on identification of odorant emission focus by volatile organic compounds characterisation

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from several different municipal solid wastes’ treatment plants in Mallorca (Spain) have been analysed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Ambient (immission) air was collected during February and March 2011 by active sampling onto sorbents Tenax™ TA and Carboxen™ 1000. The study presents the chemical characterisation of 93 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from an overall set of 84 immission air samples. 70 VOCs were positively identified.The linear fit for all 93 external standard calibration, from 10 mg L⁻¹ to 150 mg L⁻¹ (n = 4), was within the range 0.974 < r² < 0.998. Limits of detection of the method (LOD) for all the standards were within the range 1.1-4,213 pg, as the absolute standard amount spiked into sorbent tubes in 1 μL standard mixture (dissolved in methanol).Overall results stated systematic correlation between waste’s nature and VOCs’ air composition. Organic wastes show main contribution of terpenes, waste water sludge residues’ of reduced sulphured compounds (RSCs) and municipal solid wastes show contribution of a wide sort of VOCs. The use of a chemometric approach for variable’s reduction to 12 principal components enables evaluation of similarities and dissimilarities between facilities. PCA clearly related samples to its corresponding facility on the basis of their VOCs composition and the ambient temperature.     

Patch dynamics based on Prisoner's Dilemma game: superiority of golden rule

There has been much literature on ecological model of Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game. This game illustrates that cooperation can evolve in situations where individuals tend to look after themselves. In order to explain some behaviors of altruism in animal societies, the strategy All Cooperate (AC), often called the Golden Rule, is more appropriate than other strategies. However, very little is known about the superiority of AC. In the present article, we study patch dynamics based on non-iterated PD game, applying two different methods: island and lattice models. Each patch is assumed to be either vacant or composed of a population of AC or All Defect (AD), where AD means a selfish strategy. Both models exhibit a phase transition between a phase where both AC and AD survive, and a phase where AD is extinct. The latter phase means that AC beats AD completely. In the case of lattice model, the extinction of AD easily occurs and the abundance of AC takes a larger value, compared with the island model. Our models can be also extended to general iterated PD game; we describe the reason why AC can outperform any other strategy.     

The Time Invariance Principle,the absence of ecological chaos,and a fundamental pitfall of discrete modeling

This paper is to show that most discrete models used for population dynamics in ecology are inherently pathological that their predications cannot be independently verified by experiments because they violate a fundamental principle of physics. The result is used to tackle an on-going controversy regarding ecological chaos. Another implication of the result is that all dynamical systems must be modeled by differential equations. As a result it suggests that researches based on discrete modeling must be closely scrutinized and the teaching of calculus and differential equations must be emphasized for students of biology.     

Cluster formation in liverwort-associated methylobacteria and its implications

Pink-pigmented methylotropic bacteria of the genus Methylobacterium inhabit the surfaces of plant organs. In bryophytes, these methylobacteria enhance cell growth, but the nature of this plant–microbe interaction is largely unknown. In this study, methylobacteria were isolated from the upper surface of the free-living thalli of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. Identification of one strain by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene-targeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other data show that these microbes represent an undescribed species of the genus Methylobacterium (Methylobacterium sp.). The growth-promoting activity of these wild-type methylobacteria was tested and compared with that of the type strain Methylobacterium mesophilicum. Both types of methylobacteria stimulated surface expansion of isolated gemmae from Marchantia polymorpha by about 350%. When suspended in water, the liverwort-associated bacteria (Methylobacterium sp.) formed dense clusters of up to 600 cells. In liquid cultures of Methylobacterium mesophilicum, single cells were observed, but no clustering occurred. We suggest that the liverwort-associated methylobacteria are co-evolved symbionts of the plants: Cluster formation may be a behavior that enhances the survival of the epiphytic microbes during periods of drought of these desiccation-tolerant lower plants.