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781.
In 1990 the Dutch government decided to stop any further long-term landward retreat of the coastline. This policy choice for
a ‘dynamic preservation’ is primarily aimed at safety against flooding and at sustainable preservation of the values and interests
concerning the dunes and beaches. Five years later, a first overview of the benefits and bottlenecks of the new coastal defence
policy could be presented, which was published in the second governmental coastal report ‘Kustbalans 1995’ (coastal balance
1995). This consists of three elements: (1) evaluation of the implementation of ‘dynamic preservation’, (2) the consequences
of several natural and anthropogenic developments in the coastal zone and (3) integrated coastal zone management. The present
report describes experiences of Dutch coastline management and summarizes the main conclusions of the second governmental
report.
The overall conclusion of the evaluation study is that the 1990 choice for ‘dynamic preservation’ was right. Sand supply is
an effective method of coastline maintenance, which also serves functional uses in the beach and dune area. However, nearly
a doubling of the supply volume is necessary to compensate for sand losses in the coastal zone. A more integrated management
of the coastal zone is necessary to find an equilibrium between the interests of socio-economic development and the maintenance
of a natural, dynamic system. 相似文献
782.
783.
Velimir Pravdi 《Chemistry and Ecology》1995,10(1):25-31
Prevention of marine pollution, particularly in semi-enclosed seas, embayments and areas with limited exchange of water, requires a well conceived and harmonized legal system, specified standards, a monitoring programme, and effective control and enforcement capabilities. This comprehensive approach is often called a strategy. Three generations of strategies have been devised and applied historically in Europe and North America, each a step further in integrating environmental protection, technical advancement and economic capabilities. the overpowering socio-economic problems of transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, a task facing a dozen central and eastern European coastal states, compound the problem of application of an integrated approach.
No management strategy can achieve its set goals unless based on scientific evidence. the data base has to offer information on two basic questions, one specific and one of a general nature.
The specific question is: Has the area under consideration some features, an activity, or one or more living species, which must be protected at any cost? the answer to this question will invoke the precautionary principle into strategic considerations, and leads to the general question: What is the carrying (= assimilative or environmental) capacity for each activity and for the discharge of each contaminant into the impacted area? Answers to these questions lead to the choice of the strategy for environmental management. 相似文献
No management strategy can achieve its set goals unless based on scientific evidence. the data base has to offer information on two basic questions, one specific and one of a general nature.
The specific question is: Has the area under consideration some features, an activity, or one or more living species, which must be protected at any cost? the answer to this question will invoke the precautionary principle into strategic considerations, and leads to the general question: What is the carrying (= assimilative or environmental) capacity for each activity and for the discharge of each contaminant into the impacted area? Answers to these questions lead to the choice of the strategy for environmental management. 相似文献
784.
Responding to the unprecedented social-environmental change facing humankind will require responsive and flexible governance institutions (i.e., systems of rules and social norms) that facilitate adaptive capacity of individuals, groups and organisations. This may explain the sustained interest in the institutional dimensions of adaptive capacity. However, a better understanding of how institutions may enable adaptive capacity is still evolving. The literature is yet to clearly articulate how institutions relate to attributes of adaptive capacity. This study contributes to address this knowledge gap; it employs an evaluative approach that underscores the relationship between types of institutions and attributes of adaptive capacity (i.e., variety, learning capacity, autonomy, leadership, resources and fair governance). Such approach is used to examine how institutions enable adaptive capacity in the context of coastal resources co-managemen in the Peam Krasaop Wildlife Sanctuary (Cambodia) and Tam Giang Lagoon (Vietnam). In this study, complexity emerges as a defining feature of adaptive capacity. It results from the relationship between institutions and adaptive capacity and the contextual factors in which such relationship takes place. Exercises aiming to assess adaptive capacity should consider the institutions-adaptive capacity nexus together with the embedding social, cultural and political context. 相似文献
785.
海岸带资源型城市是陆海资源高度交错的空间载体,以跨系统影响的视角对其进行空间治理,有助于突破资源型城市转型发展的局限性,实现资源综合效益最大化。首先,本文厘清了跨系统影响的复杂性与海岸带资源的多样性,并以空间资源作为研究的核心要素。其次,强调陆海全系统生态—经济—社会的“综合效益”,以“陆海统筹”作为指引,深化海岸带资源型城市高质量发展的内涵。再次,探索了“关键资源识别—空间效益评价—空间资源调控”的高质量发展空间治理路径。即通过识别跨系统影响范围、开展资源空间调查、明确资源组合模式来甄别关键资源,进而构建包含“综合效益评估”和“跨系统影响修正”的资源空间效益评价框架,明晰各资源空间效益的差异,为空间治理提供决策依据。最后,根据空间效益评价结果,结合国土空间规划要求,在资源空间优化、区域资源统筹、空间总量分配、开发模式引导等方面提出海岸带资源型城市高质量发展的有效调控方式。 相似文献
786.
787.
西北干旱区作物灌溉技术效率及影响因素 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
水资源短缺是制约西北干旱区可持续发展的硬约束,提高作物灌溉技术效率、压缩农业灌溉用水是缓解水资源供需矛盾的可能途径之一。基于2014年张掖市农户调研数据,采用DEA-Tobit模型,分析了黑河流域中段不同类型灌区作物灌溉技术效率及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)典型灌区主要作物灌溉技术效率均存在改进空间,节水潜力较大。在其他投入保持不变的情况下,如果典型灌区主要作物灌溉技术效率达到目前的最高水平,平原灌区生产同样产量的制种玉米和大田玉米,灌溉用水可分别减少34.47%和38.15%;北部荒漠灌区生产同样产量的棉花、制种西瓜和玉米套小麦,灌溉用水可分别减少48.42%、34.82%和22.99%;沿山灌区生产同样产量的小麦、马铃薯、大麦和大田玉米,灌溉用水可分别减少14.48%、30.75%、25.50%和35.96%。(2)不同灌区之间作物灌溉技术效率的变异系数与作物种植面积占比呈负向关系,同一灌区内部种植相同作物的农户生产管理水平存在明显差异。(3)农地细碎化程度和农户耕地面积扩大会降低作物灌溉技术效率,改善耕地质量能提高北部荒漠灌区作物灌溉技术效率,增加井水灌溉会提高平原灌区大田玉米和沿山灌区作物灌溉技术效率,灌溉次数与多数作物灌溉技术效率呈“倒U型”关系,而农户耕作需求及其对风险态度的影响需结合具体情况进行判断。合理确定种植规模、加快农地空间优化,因地制宜地改善耕地质量,完善水利设施、合理使用井灌、增强河水灌溉放水的灵活性,是提升黑河流域作物灌溉技术效率的主要途径。 相似文献
788.
目的 研究南海岛礁环境浪花飞溅区中典型不锈钢的腐蚀规律.方法 在南海岛礁进行现场腐蚀试验,利用表面微观形貌观测、腐蚀产物分析及失重测试等手段,对比分析了304、316L和2205不锈钢在浪花飞溅区中的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率和腐蚀深度.结果 在浪花飞溅区,304不锈钢的腐蚀速率最大,316L不锈钢次之,2205不锈钢最小;在浪花飞溅区304不锈钢和316L不锈钢局部腐蚀主要以点蚀和缝隙腐蚀为主,2205不锈钢耐腐蚀性良好,局部腐蚀不明显;三种不锈钢的腐蚀产物主要包括 α-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH、γ-Fe2O3.结论 三种不锈钢的腐蚀产物基本相同,但2205不锈钢腐蚀速率变化趋势与另外两种不锈钢明显不同. 相似文献
789.
某焦化场地非均质包气带中多环芳烃(PAHs)来源及垂向分布特征 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
利用某废弃焦化场地内6眼深层采样孔,样品最大采集深度9. 5~42 m不等,分析包气带剖面上16种PAHs分布特征、污染来源以及影响迁移的因素.结果表明,各钻孔ΣPAHs最大含量介于134. 79~11 266. 81 mg·kg~(-1)之间,主要分布层位为地表以下1~5 m,含量以低环(2+3环)为主,单体以萘含量最高.场地污染主要来自于煤的燃烧源.焦油、沥青及其深加工产物的污染对场地ΣPAHs含量起控制作用.包气带砂卵砾石层作为污染物良好的下渗通道,砂层透镜体通过吸附及截留作用成为PAHs的主要富集层.化产区排放或泄漏的各类油液通过混溶、竞争性吸附等作用增强了PAHs垂向迁移能力,并致使深部包气带受到污染.地表0~1 m土壤受人为扰动、降雨淋滤、降解作用,30 m以下岩层受到地下水溶滤作用,导致低环/高环比例随深度增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势.污染来源、包气带理化指标及水文地质条件等共同作用控制PAHs垂向分布及迁移. 相似文献
790.