中亚热带择伐阔叶林与人促阔叶林对比评价

中亚热带现有强度择伐阔叶林在林分生长、直接经济效益上不如人促阔叶林;在群落结构、树种组成、物种多样性、直径结构等方面与人促阔叶林相近．     

A Single-Use Site Selection Technique, Using GIS, for Aquaculture Planning: Choosing Locations for Mangrove Oyster Raft Culture in Margarita Island, Venezuela

Oyster culture has a potential to generate income for coastal communities and to lessen pressure on natural overexploited populations. A project to transfer mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae raft culture technology to selected coastal communities in Margarita Island, Venezuela is being developed, and an optimum location selection technique was devised. To pick the variables or factors that determine site suitability, a bibliographic database was made, aspects of interest chosen, and the most comprehensive ones singled out, eliminating redundant ones. Twenty variables were grouped in criteria based on the way they influence the project. Variables were classified as intrinsic environmental, environmental extrinsic, logistic, and socioeconomic criteria. Thirty-five experts were asked to evaluate the factors and to score each according to their suitability weight. Logistic criterion received the highest values, followed by environmental extrinsic issues. A Geographic Information System using a base map compiled from 1:25,000 scale maps was developed. A thematic map for each factor was completed, dividing graphically the 3896-km² study area into polygons of equal weight for each factor. The Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) was used to combine the variables. Resultant vectors in thematic maps were added to obtain smaller polygons with the same value sum. Finally, MCE was used to generate a final output: the optimum sites for oyster aquaculture resulting from the added values of over 3000 polygons in the maps, for the 20 criteria. Higher scores were reached in 13 areas covering 4.1 km², those places having the optimum conditions for oyster raft aquaculture in the region. Additional locations meeting 75% to 70% of the demanded criteria for a final suitable selection cover 137 sites encompassing 37.5 km².     

广西沿海台风灾害风险评估初探

分析了广西沿海台风灾害危险度的影响因素，并用打分法给沿海１６个区段划分了台风灾害风险等级。最后探讨了台风风险评估与沿海地区经济发展的关系．     

Sustainability of sand dune restoration along the coast of the Tyrrhenian sea

This study reports the results of restoration management on sand dune environments along the coastal belt of the Castelporziano nature reserve (Rome, Italy) and the subsequent monitoring phases to test the sustainability of the ‘soft techniques’ applied. In the area concerned, over a length of ca. 3 km, 40 dunes were built up along with three belts located at <40 m, 40–70 m, and >70 m, respectively, from the shoreline. On each of 38 dunes 20 individuals ofAmmophila littoralis were planted; this species is one of the local autochthonous species considered particularly suitable for stabilizing sand dunes. After one year, two years and five years, respectively the changes in height and surface of each dune, the survival rates ofA. littoralis, and its changes in cover, the appearance of new shoots and the establishment of new species were observed. A progressive increase in species number, which five years after the restoration amounted to about 60% of those characterizing the natural dunes, was reported indicating a progressive trend towards populations similar to natural ones. In the colonization of new species there is a prevalence of theSporobolus-Elymetum farcti and theSalsolo Kali-Cakiletum maritimae association, while the species established successively refer to theEchinophoro spinosae-Ammophiletum arundinaceae association and theCrucianellion maritimae alliance as occurring in natural successions. This succession runs parallel to the natural dune colonization processes. In particular, the data regarding survival, cover and number of vegetative shoots indicate that the dune belt between 40 and 70 m from the sea is the one most suitable for restoration. Some changes in dune morphology was observed: the height of the artificial dunes tended to decrease considerably in the five years of observation, whereas a progressive increase in their surface area was observed. During the study period.A littoralis favoured the establishment of new species, but as yet exercises no action on increasing dune height.     

USE OF SOIL MOISTURE PROBES TO ESTIMATE GROUND WATER RECHARGE AT AN OIL SPILL SITE1

Soil moisture data collected using an automated data logging system were used to estimate ground water recharge at a crude oil spill research site near Bemidji, Minnesota. Three different soil moisture probes were tested in the laboratory as well as the field conditions of limited power supply and extreme weather typical of northern Minnesota: a self‐contained reflectometer probe, and two time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, 30 and 50 cm long. Recharge was estimated using an unsaturated zone water balance method. Recharge estimates for 1999 using the laboratory calibrations were 13 to 30 percent greater than estimates based on the factory calibrations. Recharge indicated by the self‐contained probes was 170 percent to 210 percent greater than the estimates for the TDR probes regardless of calibration method. Results indicate that the anomalously large recharge estimates for the self‐contained probes are not the result of inaccurate measurements of volumetric moisture content, but result from the presence of crude oil, or borehole leakage. Of the probes tested, the 50 cm long TDR probe yielded recharge estimates that compared most favorably to estimates based on a method utilizing water table fluctuations. Recharge rates for this probe represented 24 to 27 percent of 1999 precipitation. Recharge based on the 30 cm long horizontal TDR probes was 29 to 37 percent of 1999 precipitation. By comparison, recharge based on the water table fluctuation method represented about 29 percent of precipitation.     

江西生态环境现状与建设生态经济区的可行性分析

江西具有比较封闭的生态环境系统，目前全省环境总体质量尚好，但局部地区污染仍较严重。同周边地区相比，江西总体经济发展比较滞后。要尽快改变这种状况、实现江西跨越式发展，进行生态经济区的建设是可行途径。从可持续发展的基本原理出发，对在江西生态环境现状进行评价后，分析了江西建设生态区的必要性、基础与条件、指出了应当重点关注的主要问题。     

Spatial variability of arsenic and chromium in the soil water at a former wood preserving site

Contamination of industrial sites by wood preservatives such as chromated copper arsenate (CCA) may pose a serious threat to groundwater quality. The objective of this study was to characterise the spatial variability of As and Cr concentrations in the solid phase and in the soil water at a former wood impregnation plant and to reveal the fundamental transport processes. The soil was sampled down to a depth of 2m. The soil water was extracted in situ from the vadose zone over a period of 10 months at depths of 1 and 1.5m, using large horizontally installed suction tubes. Groundwater was sampled from a depth of 4.5m. Results showed that arsenic and chromium had accumulated in the upper region of the profile and exhibited a high spatial variability (As: 21-621 mg kg(-1); Cr: 74-2872 mg kg(-1)). Concentrations in the soil water were high (mean As 167 microg L(-1); Cr: 62 microg L(-1)) and also showed a distinct spatial variability, covering concentration ranges up to three orders of magnitude. The variability was caused by the severe water-repellency of the surface soil, induced by the concurrent application of creosote wood preservatives, which leads to strong preferential flow as evident from a dye experiment. In contrast to soil water concentrations, only low As concentrations (<12 microg L(-1)) were detected in the groundwater. High Cr concentrations in the groundwater (approx. 300 microg L(-1)), however, illustrated the pronounced mobility of chromium. Our study shows that at sites with a heterogeneous flow system in the vadose zone a disparity between flux-averaged and volume-averaged concentrations may occur, and sampling of soil water might not be adequate for assessing groundwater concentrations. In these cases long-term monitoring of the groundwater appears to be the best strategy for a groundwater risk assessment.     

长江近口段沿岸4种珍稀、重要鱼类的资源动态

为了解长江近口段沿岸胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)、中国花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)、鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)以及乌鳢(Channidae argus)4种珍稀重要经济鱼类的资源动态,我们于2002~2013年在靖江沿岸设置定置张网,每月收集2~3份渔获物样本进行分析。结果显示,12年共采集379份样本,渔获量112 587尾,681 080.2 g,分别隶属于14目28科77属119种。上述4种鱼共476尾,占总渔获量的4.23‰。其中以鳜的数量为最多,有224尾;中国花鲈和乌鳢其次,分别有121尾和96尾;胭脂鱼最少,仅35尾。出现鳜、乌鳢、中国花鲈和胭脂鱼的样本分别有93份、83份、38份和21份,出现率为24.5%、21.9%、10.0%和5.5%。平均相对重要性指数IRI显示,胭脂鱼是少见种,中国花鲈为一般种,鳜和乌鳢均为常见种。但年度IRI分析显示,最近3年胭脂鱼已上升为一般种,乌鳢则为优势种,都呈增长趋势。分析还显示,4~6月的长江禁渔期可以保护靖江沿岸约31.43%的胭脂鱼、29.75%的中国花鲈、18.30%的鳜和26.04%的乌鳢幼鱼。如将沿岸水域的禁渔期延至9月,则可将48.57%的胭脂鱼、94.21%的中国花鲈、92.86%的鳜和68.75%的乌鳢幼鱼免受沿岸定置张网的损害。     

上海城市河岸带对降雨径流氮垂直去除研究

在上海市城市河岸带人工绿地建设了微区径流场,进行了5次模拟降雨径流实验,研究了人工绿地岸带下渗流中氮浓度和去除率的时空变化。结果表明：人工绿地岸带对垂直下渗流中氮有显著的净化作用,且主要集中于土壤的0~30 cm以内,TN和NH4+去除率在399%和398%以上,NO3-+NO2-去除率除11月为负值外,其余月份均在100%以上;在30~60 cm深度,由于土壤氮的析出导致径流中氮浓度增加,去除率降低;而60~90 cm深度的去除率增加。径流场内下渗流中氮浓度具有明显的水平空间变化,随距入水端距离的增加,30 cm深度下渗流中氮浓度先上升后下降;人工绿地岸带对下渗流中氮的净化作用均随淹水时间的延长呈降低趋势,且季节变化明显,在10月和4月具有较高的去除率,0~30 cm内TN、NH4+和NO3-+NO2-的去除率可分别达635%、891%和416%以上     

农牧交错带典型区土壤氮磷空间分布特征及其影响因素

土壤氮磷在土壤物理、化学和生物过程中扮演着重要角色,明确土壤氮磷含量和空间分布对土壤资源管理和利用具有重要意义.利用经典统计学和地统计学方法对准格尔旗土壤全氮和全磷空间分布特征及影响因子进行研究.结果 表明,研究区土壤肥力水平较低,0 ～ 100 cm深度土壤全氮和全磷含量加权平均值分别为0.29 g·kg-1和0.2...