道路网络对澜沧江流域典型区土地利用变化的驱动分析

道路网络的存在和扩展影响着周边土地利用的格局,辨析其驱动效应对道路及生态管理具有重要意义.选取澜沧江流域典型山地生态系统为研究区域,以景洪市为案例区,通过解译和地理信息系统分析不同时期的遥感数据,研究了案例区所在的县域和道路影响域的土地利用变化规律.结果表明,1980～2000年间,道路两侧不同缓冲区的林地、灌丛有所减少,而建设用地和旱地面积的增加超过了10%;以2000年为例,土地利用格局的Shannon多样性、Simpson均匀度和斑块密度指数随道路缓冲距离增加而降低.100m缓冲距离情况下,3个指数为2.04,0.83和5845个·km-2,而1000m分别为1.92,0.81和599个·km-2,人工干扰指数也从46.6%下降到34.4%,而且格局指数和人工干扰指数都是2000年大于1980年.景观格局和人工干扰的时空分析表明,道路网络对区域土地利用的驱动作用随着距离道路的远近和时间有明显的变化土地利用转移矩阵分析表明,灌丛、林地、旱地受到建设用地转移驱动最大.     

呼伦贝尔市城郊河岸带土壤与河流沉积物重金属污染现状分析

河岸带类型对河流环境重金属富集具有显著影响,合理规划河岸环境,可以减缓河流周围土地的重金属污染对河流生态系统的影响。随着内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市工矿业、农牧业和旅游业的快速发展,频繁的人类活动会增加对河流周边重金属污染潜在威胁。为揭示呼伦贝尔市河流域环境重金属污染的现状、分布特征以及不同的河岸带类型对河流沉积物重金属污染的影响,在该区域采集了34个河岸带表层土壤和河流表层沉积物样品,并测定了6种重金属（Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb与Zn）含量,采用污染负荷指数法（pollution load index,PLI）对重金属污染情况进行评价。结果显示：6种重金属的平均含量分别为背景值的2.08倍、1.55倍、0.80倍、1.61倍、0.82倍、1.00倍,总体PLI为1.19,属轻度污染;河岸带的重金属污染程度总体高于河流,但是河流的重金属污染变率更大,相比之下重金属含量的最高值多出现于河流中;不同河岸带类型的PLI呈工业型河岸最高（1.535）、自然型河岸次之（1.126）、城市绿化河岸最低（1.030）、工矿业活动是区域重金属污染的主要源头,城市绿化型河岸带与自然型河岸带具有一定的缓解重...     

江苏近岸海域富营养化现状评价与成因分析

应用综合污染指数法和富营养化指数法评价了2010年度江苏近岸海域水质状况。结果表明,50%的海水水质测点已显现出不同程度的富营养化迹象;影响江苏近岸海域的首要污染物为无机氮和活性磷酸盐,二者污染分担率之和近50%;现阶段造成江苏近岸海域水体富营养化的主要因素来源于入海河流和直排海污染源的氮磷输入,与"十五"末相比,全省主要入海河流TN排放量增长约284%,TP排放量增长约451%。     

应用水质标识指数法评价太湖湖滨带水质

以2009年12月和2010年4、8月的全太湖湖滨带水质监测数据为基础,以TN、TP、NH₃-N、COD_Mn、DO为评价指标,采用水质标识指数评价法对太湖湖滨带水质进行评价。水质指标基本信息显示,NH₃-N冬季、春季空间变异较大,TP夏季空间变异较大;单因子标识指数评价结果显示,太湖湖滨带水体水质因子污染风险时空差异显著,TN冬季、春季全区域污染风险均较大,NH₃-N冬季和夏季在竺山湾、西部沿岸区域污染风险较大,TP三季在竺山湾、西部沿岸区域污染风险较大;综合标识指数评价结果显示,东太湖、东部沿岸、贡湖区域水质较好,为Ⅲ类水,竺山湾和西部沿岸水体水质最差,为Ⅴ类水,且竺山湾和西部沿岸水体三季均处于重度污染状态。该研究可为太湖湖滨带水环境的生态恢复和标识指数应用的推广提供一定的科学依据。     

Ecosystem classification for EU habitat distribution assessment in sandy coastal environments: An application in central Italy

Many recent developments in coastal science have gone against the demands of European Union legislation. Coastal dune systems which cover small areas of the earth can host a high level of biodiversity. However, human pressure on coastal zones around the world has increased dramatically in the last 50 years. In addition to direct habitat loss, the rapid extinction of many species that are unique to these systems can be attributed to landscape deterioration through the lack of appropriate management. In this paper, we propose to use of an ecosystem classification technique that integrates potential natural vegetation distribution as a reference framework for coastal dune EU Habitats (92/43) distribution analysis and assessment. As an example, the present study analyses the EU Habitats distribution within a hierarchical ecosystem classification of the coastal dune systems of central Italy. In total, 24 land elements belonging to 8 land units, 5 land facets, 2 land systems and 2 land regions were identified for the coastal dunes of central Italy, based on diagnostic land attributes. In central Italy, coastal dune environments including all the beach area, mobile dunes and all the fixed-dune land elements contain or could potentially hold at least one EU habitat of interest. Almost all dune slack transitions present the potentiality for the spontaneous development of EU woodlands of interest. The precise information concerning these ecosystems distribution and ecological relationships that this method produces, makes it very effective in Natura 2000 European network assessment. This hierarchical ecosystem classification method facilitates the identification of areas to be surveyed and eventually bound, under the implementation of EU Habitat directive (92/43) including areas with highly disturbed coastal dune ecosystems.     

Ambiental dust speciation and metal content variation in TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 in urban atmospheric air of Harare (Zimbabwe)

The effects of timber harvesting on stream water quality and efficiency of alternate streamside management zones were evaluated in Pockwock Lake and Five Mile Lake watersheds in central Nova Scotia, Canada. The streamside management zone (SMZ) included a 20 m no cut, 20 m select cut and a 30 m select cut buffer strips along the stream. Water quality of eight streams, six in harvested and two in not-harvested watersheds were monitored for two years before and two years after the harvesting of timber. Nonparametric statistical tests on stream water quality showed that there was significant change in the concentration of potassium in six streams, manganese in five streams, zinc in two streams and total nitrogen in one stream after timber harvesting. There was no significant change in the quality of water in two streams used as control sites in the neighboring watersheds of similar size and hydrological characteristics. The results show that forest management practices were most favorable in streams maintained with 30 m select cut followed by 20 m no cut and 20 m select cut SMZ. The streamside zone width and treatment of select cut or no cut in the zone played an important role in filtering or retaining the minerals in surface water runoff. In buffer zones of similar width, the buffer zone with no cut or forested buffer was relatively more effective at protecting stream water quality than select cut SMZ. The vegetation in the zone may have decreased the flow velocity and increased residence time and thus increased filtration and retention of minerals in the riparian soil.     

近岸海域区域环境质量综合评价体系构建及应用实例

建立了适用于我国现阶段海洋环境质量监测现状的基于水、沉积物和生物三大介质污染状况的近岸海域海洋环境质量综合状况评价体系,包括评价指标体系的选择、评价及等级分级标准的确定、评价流程的确定等内容。用所建立的综合评价体系对锦州湾海域进行了评价,评价结果表明,锦州湾海域总体状况较差,受到了严重污染,与锦州湾海域的实际污染状况相符,验证结果表明了该综合评价体系的适用性。     

Land-use and agriculture in Denmark around year 1900 and the quest for EU Water Framework Directive reference conditions in coastal waters

The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims to protect the ecological status of coastal waters. To establish acceptable boundaries between good and moderate ecological status, the WFD calls for reference conditions practically undisturbed by human impact. For Denmark, the nitrogen (N) concentrations present around year 1900 have been suggested to represent reference conditions. As the N load of coastal waters relates closely to runoff from land, any reduction in load links to agricultural activity. We challenge the current use of historical N balances to establish WFD reference conditions and initiate an alternative approach based on parish-level land-use statistics collected 1896/1900 and N concentrations in root zone percolates from experiments with year 1900-relevant management. This approach may be more widely applicable for landscapes with detailed historic information on agricultural activity. Using this approach, we find an average N concentration in root zone percolates that is close to that of current agriculture. Thus, considering Danish coastal waters to be practically unaffected by human activity around year 1900 remains futile as 75% of the land area was subject to agricultural activity with a substantial potential for N loss to the environment. It appears unlikely that the ecological state of coastal waters around year 1900 may serve as WFD reference condition.     

Coastal issues for oceanic islands: implications for human futures

Compared to continental areas, most islands have exceptionally long coastlines relative to their total land area. For this reason, islands are uncommonly vulnerable to problems associated with coasts. The future of the human inhabitants of many island states depends intrinsically on the sustainable management of their coasts, a challenge which grows more pressing as island populations increase and the associated demands on island coastlines change and grow. These issues are presented and discussed in this article. The mechanics of the sustainable management of island coasts is itself an important issue. At the national or local level, management is plagued by problems of insufficient and/or imprecise data and understanding that may lead to inappropriate solutions that even exacerbate the problems they are intended to solve. At an inter-governmental or international level, problems associated with the understanding of island environments need to be resolved before optimal management strategies can be developed. This article presents a brief explanation of the nature of coastal vulnerability on oceanic islands, followed by a discussion of several key problems associated with their sustainable development and the role of human and non-human factors in recent environmental change. It discusses the future of oceanic island coasts in the face of both internal and external threats to their sustainable management. It concludes with a blueprint for their survival.     

Use of Ammophila arenaria for Dune Stabilization in South Africa and Its Current Distribution—Perceptions and Problems

Ammophila arenaria (marram or European beach grass) for dune stabilization in South Africa in the past and present, its present distribution in South Africa, and the perceptions of coastal management agencies and the public about its further use. The planting of A. arenaria became the most important means of dune stabilization, by human intervention, along the South African Cape coast in this century. Its modern distribution from the semiarid west coast to the subtropical shores of the Eastern Cape extends through various climatic zones. Although historical data are missing for some areas, there is no indication of its unaided spread. A. arenaria occurs at most sites because of its prior planting. The South African climate appears to affect its vigor. However, concern about the use of the alien grass has been raised since it has proved to be a highly invasive species in other parts of the world, particularly along the North American west coast and in Tasmania. While the CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) promotes its use, CNC (Cape Nature Conservation) follows a policy that restricts the use of any alien plant, including A. arenaria, and requests further research on its invasive properties. Although a questionnaire survey shows that stabilization sites featuring large areas of A. arenaria are accepted by the South African public, current coastal management practices need to be analyzed critically. A thorough investigation of the potential invasiveness of A. arenaria on South African coastal dunes will be essential and shed new light on the American A. arenaria problem.