三峡水库干流消落带沉积泥沙粒径特征及其物源意义

为揭示三峡水库干流消落带的泥沙沉积规律、分析沉积泥沙来源,本研究采用原位观测方法采集沉积泥沙样品,利用激光粒度仪测试泥沙粒径,分析沉积泥沙粒径在水平、垂直和高程3个维度上的变化特征,并与三峡水库入库泥沙的粒径特征相结合,阐述消落带沉积泥沙来源。结果表明:(1)三峡水库干流消落带沉积泥沙粒径在水平方向上存在比较强烈的空间变化,中值粒径沿河流流向方向呈逐渐下降趋势,并在忠县及其下游河段基本保持稳定;(2)泥沙粒径随高程的变化存在较大的空间差异,河流挟沙是消落带下部粗颗粒泥沙的主要来源,而消落带上方的土壤侵蚀强度越高,消落带顶部的沉积颗粒就越容易变粗;(3)在水库尾端,泥沙剖面存在较明显的旋迴分层现象,其中值粒径数值较大、变化幅度较宽,越往下游推进,中值粒径的数值越低、变化幅度越小,泥沙旋迴分层现象逐渐消失;(4)水库尾端的沉积泥沙以库区外来沙为主,越往下游推进,库区内产沙对粗颗粒泥沙的贡献逐渐升高,但库区内外来沙都能够为沉积泥沙提供丰富的细颗粒物源,因此,细沙的来源具有一定的复杂性和多样化特征。     

Nutrient Export from Watersheds on Mt. Desert Island, Maine, as a Function of Land Use and Fire History

A study of 13 small (less than 7.5 km²) watersheds on Mt. Desert Island, Maine, was conducted from January 1999 to September 2000 to determine nutrient export delivery to coastal waters around the island, and to determine whether a series of wildfires in 1947 have affected nutrient export in burned watersheds. Nutrient export (nitrate–nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus) was determined for each watershed during the study period, and was normalized by watershed area. The yield of nitrate–nitrogen (N) ranged from 10 to 140 kg/km²/year. Total N yield ranged from 42 to 250 kg/km²/year. Total phosphorus (P) yield ranged from 1.4 to 7.9 kg/km²/year. Watersheds entirely within Acadia National Park (lacking human land-based nutrient sources) exported significantly less total N and total P than watersheds that were partly or entirely outside the park boundary. Nitrate–N export was not significantly different in these two groups of watersheds, perhaps because atmospheric deposition is a dominant source of nitrate in the study area. No relation was observed between burn history and nutrient export. Any effect of burn history may be masked by other landscape-level factors related to nutrient export.     

活性炭处理甲苯气体吸附再生实验研究

研究了活性炭对甲苯废气的吸附穿透过程及热空气解吸过程.穿透曲线实验结果表明,在常规空塔气速范围内,传质区高度基本在5.06～9.75 cm,传质区不饱和度在0.4～0.7.在动态运行情况下,活性炭对甲苯的饱和吸附容量在0.16～0.24 g/g.热空气吹脱实验表明,适宜的脱附工况条件为脱附温度180 ℃、脱附空气流速0.106 m/s、脱附时间40 min.     

有毒化学品事故安全区域的划分及人员疏散

针对有毒化学品事故,要求能迅速地对可能产生危险的区域进行辨识,尽快地确定安全区域的范围并告知有关人员进行疏散.笔者在分析应急救援指南(ERG)、立即致死浓度(IDLH)、紧急反应计划指南(ERPG)、关心浓度限值(LOC)等方法的基础上,采用有毒化学品的各种暴露极限浓度对初始隔离区、防护区、热区、暖区、冷区进行了划分,并对事故影响范围内人员疏散的原则进行了界定.该原则既能够满足现场救援的实际需求,又能保证周围群众及现场应急处置人员的人身安全.     

Molecular indicators for pollution source identification in marine and terrestrial water of the industrial area of Kavala city, North Greece

Eight terrestrial and four marine water samples were collected from the industrial section of the city of Kavala in northern Greece to determine the occurrence and distribution of organic contaminants, as well as to identify the molecular markers of different emission sources. The samples were analyzed by means of non-target screening analyses. The analytical procedure included a sequential extraction of the samples, GC-FID, GC/MS analyses, and additional quantitative analyses of selected pollutants. The results show a wide variety of compounds including halogenated compounds, technical additives and metabolites, phosphates, phthalates, benzothiazoles, etc. A close relationship between many of the contaminants and their emission sources was determined based on their molecular structures and information on technical applications.     

Metal concentrations and mobility in marine sediment and groundwater in coastal reclamation areas: a case study in Shenzhen, China

The concentrations of metals in the buried marine sediment and groundwater were differently affected by land reclamation. Nine metals (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in sediment and coastal groundwater from reclamation areas in Shenzhen were examined. The gradually decreased concentrations (V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn) in sediment and relatively higher concentrations (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Cd) in groundwater within reclamation areas were observed. The increase of V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu and Cd concentrations in groundwater within reclamation areas subsequently after land reclamation should be resulted from the mobilization of these metals accumulated in the sediment. These metals appear to be easily mobilized from solid phase to solution phase after reclamation. The physico-chemical changes such as reduction in pH and salinity in water environment induced by land reclamation appear to be responsible for metal mobility in the sediment-groundwater system.     

Characteristics of Hazardous Airborne Dust Around an Indian Surface Coal Mining Area

Surface coal mining creates more air pollution problems with respect to dust than underground mining . An investigation was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of the airborne dust created by surface coal mining in the Jharia Coalfield. Work zone air quality monitoring was conducted at six locations, and ambient air quality monitoring was conducted at five locations, for a period of 1 year. Total suspended particulate matter (TSP) concentration was found to be as high as 3,723 μg/m³, respirable particulate matter (PM10) 780 μg/m³, and benzene soluble matter was up to 32% in TSP in work zone air. In ambient air, the average maximum level of TSP was 837 μg/m³, PM10 170 μg/m³ and benzene soluble matter was up to 30%. Particle size analysis of TSP revealed that they were more respirable in nature and the median diameter was around 20 μm. Work zone air was found to have higher levels of TSP, PM10 and benzene soluble materials than ambient air. Variations in weight percentages for different size particles are discussed on the basis of mining activities. Anionic concentration in TSP was also determined. This paper concludes that more stringent air quality standards should be adopted for coal mining areas and due consideration should be given on particle size distribution of the air-borne dust while designing control equipment.     

Vertical ozone distributions observed using tethered ozonesondes in a coastal industrial city, Kaohsiung, in southern Taiwan

This work presents the vertical distributions of ozone and meteorological parameters observed with tethered ozonesondes and meteorological radiosondes in the lower atmosphere during an ozone episode on March 25–27, 2003, in Kaohsiung City in southern Taiwan. Kaohsiung is a coastal industrial city with inland mountain ranges to the east. Extremely complicated ozone structures were identified that spanned day and night during the experimental period. During afternoons, the lower atmosphere was divided into two stratified air layers with substantially different ozone concentrations. On the episode day (March 26), average ozone concentration in the near-ground layer was 85 ppb and the aloft layer was 140 ppb. A very high ozone peak of 199 ppb measured aloft likely resulted from an elevated large point source. Several no-ozone air layers, distributed throughout 400–750 m, were observed to transport onshore during the nigh. As well, elevated ozone layers peaking at 60–90 ppb and 90–160 ppb were detected below and above the no-ozone air layers, respectively. These complicated ozone structures were likely formed through titration of plumes from large point sources and the circulations of sea breezes or combined sea-breeze/mountain flows in the study area.     

大华北地区强震发生的空间位置研究

以大华北地区 (2 9°～ 4 2°N ,10 9°～ 12 4°E) 1970年以来发生的 11次ML6 0以上地震为研究对象 ,从地震的空间分布入手 ,来研究强震的发生位置与活动断裂带的关系。结果表明 :(1)强震往往发生在地震带发生明显拐折或相互交汇的部位。 (2 )断裂带对于强震的位置有较好的控制作用。 (3)强震前 1～ 5年内主震所在地震带上b值普遍有高值的过程。     

米东区居民生活垃圾分类收集及处理调查分析

随着城市的快速发展,城市生活垃圾对环境的危害越来越大,已经成为影响城市居住环境的重要污染源,如何进行城市生活垃圾的收集与处理显得至关重要。米东区作为乌鲁木齐市新型工业城区的代表,其经济虽然取得了飞速发展,但其城市居住环境却未得到足够地重视。鉴于此,围绕乌鲁木齐市新型工业城区的生活垃圾分类收集和处理现状展开了社会调查,选取乌鲁木齐市米东区作为靶区,随机选取70户人家进行了入户问卷调查,对调查结果进行了统计分析,得出了乌鲁木齐市米东区家庭生活垃圾分类收集及处理的特点,进而指出了新型工业城区垃圾分类工作存在的主要问题,根据影响城市家庭生活垃圾产生量的因素,针对如何更好的实现垃圾的分类收集工作提出了相应的建议。