珊瑚礁生态保护与管理的社会经济调查

通过综合古典社会学、人类学和经济学等学科的方法,采用调查问卷的方式对灯楼角珊瑚礁保护区的居民进行了社会经济调查,发现当地居民生活水平很低,对珊瑚礁的依赖性很强,生产方式简单,管理落后,政府、科学家和当地居民之间沟通较少,但最近居民对珊瑚礁资源重要性的认识已不断加深,并希望通过合理的开发和利用来改变生存状态。因而在今后的管理方案中应强调居民的参与,重视教育和培训,加强沟通和信息共享,合理规划,以达到珊瑚礁资源的可持续利用。     

Photodegradation of 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-P) in coastal seawaters: Important role of DOM

Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BT-UVs) have attracted concerns due to their ubiquitous occurrence in the aquatic environment, and their bioaccumulative and toxic properties. However, little is known about their aquatic environmental degradation behavior. In this study, photodegradation of a representative of BT-UVs, 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-P), was investigated under simulated sunlight irradiation. Results show that UV-P photodegrades slower under neutral conditions (neutral form) than under acidic or alkaline conditions (cationic and anionic forms). Indirect photodegradation is a dominant elimination pathway of UV-P in coastal seawaters. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from seawaters accelerate the photodegradation rates mainly through excited triplet DOM (³DOM^?), and the roles of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical are negligible in the matrixes. DOM from seawaters impacted by mariculture exhibits higher steady-state concentration of ³DOM^? ([³DOM^?]) relative to those from pristine seawaters, leading to higher photosensitizing effects on the photodegradation. Halide ions inhibit the DOM-sensitized photodegradation of UV-P by decreasing [³DOM^?]. Photodegradation half-lives of UV-P are estimated to range from 24.38 to 49.66?hr in field water bodies of the Yellow River estuary. These results are of importance for assessing environmental fate and risk UV-P in coastal water bodies.     

干旱区内陆河流域景观生态建设

干旱区内陆河流域因其干旱、风沙及盐碱的自然环境,加之盲目开垦荒地、不合理利用水资源等人为因素的影响,改变了原有的生态平衡,形成了脆弱的生态环境和特殊的景观格局。其景观呈现出以荒漠为基质,河流廊道为核心对称分布的水域湿地－林（草）地－荒漠的宏观局格。由于水是干旱区内陆河流域的关键因素,为了合理利用水资源,积极发挥人的作用,从景观生态学理论与方法的角度,提出了以河流廊道建设、植被景观建设、绿洲景观建设为核心的生态建设方案,以增加内陆河流域整个生态体系的容载力和稳定性。     

推进生态工业发展建立循环经济模式

本文着重论述了生态工业和生态示范区建立和发展的意义。     

包气带中污染物的天然降解作用

通过包气带造纸污水中的降解试验,分析了污染物在包气带内经吸附、过滤、离子交换以及生物化学作用等净化机制,指出生物氧化作用和生物还原作用是包气带中两种主要的生物化学作用.污染物在包气带中迁移时,会在表层形成生物氧化带,在下部形成生物还原带.只有当生物还原带形成后,生化层才发育成熟,包气带对有机物能进行有效地降解和清除,具有良好的天然降解功能.并指出包气带的岩性、结构和包气带的厚度是影响包气带的降解能力重要因素.     

建设项目卫生防护距离的确定方法

建设项目环境影响评价过程中的选址问题至关重要,卫生防护距离的可达性是必不可少的因素.以合成氨厂为例,探讨环境影响评价中卫生防护距离的确定方法,对无组织排放源、源强及参数的确定进行了说明.     

Relationship between nutrients and plankton biomass in the turbidity maximum zone of the Pearl River Estuary

Nutrients, dissolved and particulate organic carbon and plankton (bacterio-, phyto- and zoo-) were compared in the turbidity maximum zone (TMZ) and adjacent areas (non-TMZ) in the Pearl River estuary. Our results showed that high levels of suspended substances had marked effect on dynamics of nutrients and plankton in the TMZ. Based on the cluster analysis of total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations, all stations were divided into two groups, TMZ with average TSS of 171 mg/L and non-TMZ of 45 mg/L. Suspended substances adsorbed PO₄^3 − and dissolved organic carbon, resulting in higher particulate phosphorus and organic carbon (POC) and lower PO₄^3 − and DOC in the TMZ, compared to the non-TMZ. However, suspended substances had limited effect on nitrogenous nutrients. Phytoplankton growth was light-limited due to high concentrations of suspended substances in the TMZ and a peak of phytoplankton abundance appeared in the non-TMZ. In contrast, the highest bacterial abundance occurred in the TMZ, which was likely partly responsible for low DOC levels. Two peaks of zooplankton abundance observed in the TMZ and non-TMZ in the Pearl River estuary were primarily supported by bacteria and phytoplankton, respectively. Our finding implied that high levels of suspended solids in the TMZ affect the trophic balance.     

包气带油污土层生物修复现场控制性因素的评价

包气带油污土层的生物修复涉及到石油降解微生物、石油污染物的可生物降解性和土壤环境三个方面.本文通过最或然计数法(MPN)、原油族组分柱层析分析方法和色质联机分析等实验手段,研究了淄河滩包气带油污土层的水力学特性、氮磷营养元素、微生物和石油污染物.结果表明,长期受石油污染的土层含有丰富的微生物,其中大部分具有降解石油烃的能力,且土层的渗透性极强,有利于开展油污土层的生物修复.同时,长期的挥发、淋失和转化造成土层中石油污染物主要由高分子、高沸点烃类组成,且油污土层的速效氮、速效磷含量太低,直接增加了生物修复的难度,成为不利于生物修复的影响因素.     

三峡库区消落带4种典型植物根际土壤养分与氮素赋存形态

三峡水库消落带土壤N循环受到植被覆盖和季节性淹水的影响,对三峡水库水质具有潜在的不利影响,进行消落带植被恢复和提高土壤N保持能力成为保护库区水环境的重要措施.选择三峡库区一级支流澎溪河消落带为研究对象,分别在冲积潮土、紫色土和水稻土分布区采集狗牙根、香附子、苍耳以及玉米这4种典型植物根际、非根际土壤,分析了根际与非根际土壤理化性质与N赋存形态特征,并比较了不同植物类型根际富集效果,初步探究不同植物根际效应对消落带土壤N循环的影响.结果表明,所有植物根际土壤p H均低于非根际,有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮均高于非根际,且根际富集率表现为香附子狗牙根玉米苍耳;不同植物根际对土壤全钾、有效磷、速效钾影响作用不一致;植物根际土壤中可转化态氮TF-N及其不同赋存形态离子交换态氮(IEF-N)、碳酸盐结合态氮(CF-N)、铁锰氧化态氮(IMOF-N)和有机态和硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)均高于非根际土壤,植物根际效应能够改变土壤N赋存形态及其对N循环的贡献率,但狗牙根和香附子根际土壤中TF-N占TN的比率低于非根际,而玉米和苍耳相反,表明消落带玉米和苍耳覆盖加快了N素向TF-N转化,不利于土壤N素保持;消落带土壤有机质、总磷和有效磷含量与可转化态N形态显著相关,是土壤N形态转化的主要因素.研究表明,消落带狗牙根和香附子覆盖对土壤N素的保持优于玉米和苍耳,植物根际效应对消落带土壤N循环的影响为消落带植被恢复中植物选择提供了参考.     

河岸带地下水理化指标变化及与洪水的响应关系研究

河岸带地下水和河水存在复杂的交互作用,地下水和地表水存在明显的补排关系,洪水事件是影响河岸带地下水水质波动的重要水文过程.以黄河湿地国家级自然保护区孟津湿地为对象,通过河岸带地下理化指标(特别是小浪底水库调水调沙期间)野外定位观测,深入分析了河岸带地下水水质与洪水的响应关系.结果表明,受河流与荷塘蓄水的影响,地下水温度...