生态资产评估静态部分平衡模型的分析与改进

静态部分平衡模型是目前生态资产价值评估中可操作性比较强的一种评估模型。由于生态资产评估领域中还存在很多争议,论文从对生态资产评估的目的、特点、模型假设、方法和途径等方面入手,对生态资产价值评估静态部分平衡模型进行了分析,指出传统模型中存在的一些缺陷,并尝试对模型进行改进。选择黄河皇甫川流域五分地沟小流域作为研究区,依据传统模型和改进模型分别对研究区进行生态资产评估,结果表明,改进模型估算的流域生态资产总价值比传统模型的计算结果高出约1/3,其中林地和草地的单位面积价值上升,灌木林的单位面积价值则下降。     

氨法脱硫反应特性的化学动力学分析

对采用氨法脱除烟气中SO2过程的反应特性进行了热力学和动力学分析．结果显示,氨法脱硫反应活化能较低,只要温度控制适当,氨法脱硫具有很高的平衡常数(或转化率)和良好的动力学特性．同时,根据实验结果拟合整理出了实验温度范围内氨法脱硫反应的Arrhenius方程,分析了温度对氨法脱硫反应速率的具体影响．     

Sorption mechanism of naphthalene by diesel soot: Insight from displacement with phenanthrene/p-nitrophenol

The nonlinear sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) could be changed to linear sorption by the suppression of coexisting solutes in natural system, resulting in the enhancement of mobility, bioavailability and risks of HOCs in the environment. In previous study, inspired from the competitive adsorption on activated carbon (AC), the displaceable fraction of HOCs sorption to soot by competitor was attributed to the adsorption on elemental carbon fraction of soot (EC-Soot), while the linear and nondisplaceable fraction was attributed to the partition in authigenic organic matter of soot (OM-Soot). In this study, however, we observed that the linear and nondisplaceable fraction of HOC (naphthalene) to a diesel soot (D-Soot) by competitor (phenanthrene or p-nitrophenol) should be attributed to not only the linear partition in OM-Soot, but also the residual linear adsorption on EC-Soot. We also observed that the competition on the surface of soot dominated by external surface was different from that of AC dominated by micropore surface, i.e., complete displacement of HOCs by p-nitrophenol could occur for the micropore surface of AC, but not for the external surface of soot. These observations were obtained through the separation of EC-Soot and OM-Soot from D-Soot with organic-solvent extraction and the sorption comparisons of D-Soot with an AC (ACF300) and a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT30). The obtained results would give new insights to the sorption mechanisms of HOCs by soot and help to assess their environmental risks.     

长江口沉积物重金属赋存形态及风险特征

基于长江口沉积物8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)总量与形态在丰、平、枯水期以及14个典型点位的分布特征,通过平衡分配法建立了长江口沉积物质量基准(SQGs),并以此评价长江口沉积物重金属生态风险,揭示重金属生态风险与其形态特征间的相关关系.结果表明,除Cd之外,长江口沉积物重金属以残渣态为主导形态,尤其是As、Cr、Hg,其残渣态含量均为90%以上.长江口As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的沉积物质量基准分别为43.29、0.672、79.65、19.08、0.569、339.09、30.87、411.36μg·g~(-1).Cu的生态风险程度最高,对水生生物具有较大的毒性影响,应当引起重视.河口上游受到长江径流影响大,在丰水期风险较高,在平水期和枯水期则风险偏低;而下游受上海等城市排污影响较大,风险较高(尤其在平水期和枯水期).8种重金属的生态风险与赋存形态之间表现出3种不同的相关关系.     

桂江流域夏季水-气界面CO2脱气的空间变化及其影响因素

河流具有复杂的流域空间异质性,加之岩溶区河流富钙偏碱高溶解无机碳的特殊环境,使得河流水-气界面CO_2脱气出现显著的空间变化.为揭示岩溶区河流水-气界面CO_2脱气的空间变化特征及其影响因素,利用主要离子、物理化学参数、δ~(13)C_(DIC)等数据以及模型法和浮游箱法分析桂江流域水-气界面CO_2脱气特征.结果表明:(1)桂江流域水文地球化学表现出明显的空间变化特征,HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)以及电导率、总溶解性固体(TDS)、SIc、p CO_2都表现出中游支流中游下游上游的相似的分布特征;(2)桂江流域在监测期间均表现出CO_2脱气,为大气CO_2的源,脱气通量平均值为237 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),位于世界河流平均CO_2脱气通量范围内,但桂江流域CO_2脱气在不同的河段表现出明显的空间变化,中游支流和中游明显大于上游和下游;(3)桂江流域中游干流和支流CO_2脱气主要受到碳酸平衡系统的影响,但同时中游支流受到生物光合作用的影响.此外,上游CO_2脱气通量主要受到大气环境因素的影响,而下游CO_2脱气通量则受到诸多因素的共同影响.     

无机砷与两种典型天然有机质络合行为比较

以毒性较强的无机砷(五价砷iAs~V和三价砷iAs~(III))和环境中常见的天然有机质(NOM)为研究对象,采用平衡透析的方法,研究在pH中性条件下两种无机砷与两种NOM(胡敏酸HA和富里酸FA)的络合平衡时间,并通过对络合态砷占总砷比例的测定以及条件分配系数(D_(om))的测定,对比不同NOM种类、不同无机砷种类及不同比率iAs/DOC(dissolved organic carbon,可溶性有机碳)条件下两者的络合特征,并对相应的络合机理进行探讨.结果表明,无机砷与NOM的络合过程分为快速扩散、慢速扩散和平衡3个阶段;其中iAs~V与两种NOM的络合平衡时间约为48 h,iAs~(III)则在24 h之后基本达到络合平衡状态.两种NOM与iAs~V和iAs~(III)的络合比例随NOM浓度的增高而增加,但由于HA比FA具有更高的分子量和更复杂的分子结构,HA较FA显示出更强的络合能力.由于配位点减少原因,无机砷与两种NOM的络合随iAs/DOC比率上升而呈现出非线性下降趋势,这样非线性的现象与络合点位至少有两种类型有关.     

Analysis of the trade-off between economic growth and the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions in the Poyang Lake Watershed, China

Lake eutrophication leading to water pollution is a major global concern. In recent years, rapid economic growth and the increase in the intensity of resource exploitation in China have caused the influx of nitrogen and phosphorus into lakes. This in turn has led to more severe lake eutrophication, more frequent outbreaks of algal blooms, and the degradation of lake ecosystems. An effective plan balancing economic growth with the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions is greatly needed. The design and implementation of such a plan requires the collection and analysis of pertinent data. In this paper, we use the environmental computable general equilibrium (ECGE) model to identify the most effective way to balance economic growth with the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions. For the multiregional analysis, we use social accounting matrices (SAMs) and a provincial trade matrix based on the assumptions of the gravity model. We consider the Poyang Lake Watershed as a case study to illustrate the utility of the model. Based on present conditions in the Poyang Lake Watershed, restricting nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from sectors with the highest emissions is more effective for balancing economic growth and the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions than restricting nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from all sectors.     

Sustained dynamic transience in a Lotka-Volterra competition model system for grassland species

Theoretical approaches, such as the Lotka-Volterra framework, enable predictions about long term species coexistence based on stability criteria, but generally assume temporal constancy of system equations and parameters. In real world systems, temporal variability may interfere with the attainment of stable states. Managed grassland ecosystems in Northwestern Europe experience structural periodic fluctuations in environmental conditions: the seasons. In addition, periodic disturbances such as cutting are very common. Here we show, using a Lotka-Volterra system applied to grassland species with empirically derived parameters, that seasonal variability can result in a time dependent equilibrium and redirection of displacement processes.Parameter estimates differed between species and - in most cases - between the seasons. As a result, five of the fifteen tested species combinations had different outcomes of species interactions between seasons. This indicates that systems remain in dynamic transience over the year as the equilibrium changes and the species composition of the system follows the equilibrium without ever attaining it. The non-attainment of the steady state enables coexistence of species even if there is competitive exclusion in one of the seasons. For three of the fifteen species combinations, cutting frequency affected the long-term coexistence patterns. Cutting resets the biomass of competing species and favours during regrowth those species that have a high growth rate, which can alter species coexistence in comparison to a Lotka-Volterra model without cutting. The Lotka-Volterra framework with seasonally changing empirical parameters predicts coexistence as a possible outcome of systems that in component seasons are characterised by exclusion, and vice versa.     

冷冻取芯过程煤样温度变化特性研究

为探究冷冻取芯过程煤样温度变化特性,基于模拟试验的相似性,自主设计冷冻取芯模拟测试试验装置,选取榆家梁矿、首山一矿、六龙煤矿、九里山矿4个矿区不同变质程度煤样,用以测定瓦斯吸附平衡压力为0、1.0、2.0、3.0 MPa下冷冻取芯过程煤样的温度实时变化数据,并统计分析各条件下的数据。研究结果表明:冷冻取芯技术的冷冻效果与煤变质程度及瓦斯吸附平衡压力呈正相关关系;冷冻取芯对含瓦斯煤冷冻效果优于不含瓦斯煤;冷冻取芯对高变质煤冷冻效果优于低变质煤;冷冻取芯过程中,煤样温度随时间变化曲线符合指数函数关系。     

城市重污染河道底泥对外源磷的吸附和固定机制

以重污染河道底泥和上覆水为材料,研究了周期性加入外源磷条件下,间歇扰动对底泥吸附和固定外源磷的作用机制.结果表明,扰动状态下,39d内底泥对外源磷的累积吸附量达到363.4 mg·kg-1,远高于静态试验(213.2 mg·kg-1).内源磷形态分析表明,扰动状态下底泥吸附的外源磷中超过61%被结合到铁铝结合态磷(Fe...