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31.
Protected areas are integral to the global effort to conserve biodiversity, and, over the past two decades, protected area managers have begun to recognize that conservation objectives are next to impossible to achieve without considering the needs and concerns of local communities. Incentive-based programs (IBPs) have become a favored approach to protected area management, geared at fostering local stewardship by delivering benefits tied to conservation to local people. Effective IBPs require benefits to accrue to and be recognized by those experiencing the greatest consequences as a result of the protected area, and those likely to continue extractive activities if their livelihood needs are compromised. This research examines dispersal of IBP benefits, as perceived by local residents in Nepal's Annapurna Conservation Area. Results reported here are based on questionnaire interviews with 188 households conducted between September and December 2004. Results indicate that local residents primarily identify benefits from social development activities, provisions for resource extraction, and economic opportunities. Overall, benefits have been dispersed equally to households in villages on and off the main tourist route, and regardless of a household's participation in tourism. However, benefits are not effectively targeted to poorer residents, those highly dependent on natural resources, and those experiencing the most crop damage and livestock loss from protected wildlife. This article provides several suggestions for improving the delivery of conservation incentives. 相似文献
32.
This research investigates whether species are perceived differently based on aesthetic and negativistic attitudes, and whether these and other attitudes, naturalistic activities, and gender predict support for the protection of threatened species. 228 undergraduate students completed a survey in which they rated pictures of 10 endangered species on aesthetic and negativistic attitudes, and support for protection. Findings showed that the two-striped garter snake, Ozark big-eared bat, and dolloff cave spider were conceptualized differently than other species, which may be the result of “irrational” fears linked to animal phobias, culture, and emotional reactions to pictures. The regression results support the common belief that aesthetics is an important determinant in perceptions of endangered species and that the importance of negativistic attitudes may be waning. Moralistic worldviews and attitudes toward landowner rights and the Endangered Species Act were significantly related to support for governmental protection of species. Surprisingly, naturalistic activities and gender were not significantly associated with support for governmental protection of species. In general, the results were consistent across both models. However, the amount of variance explained by aesthetic and negativistic attitudes was 23 percent higher in the other species models than in the bat, snake, and spider models. 相似文献
33.
This article develops a methodology aimed at generating a systematic social diagnosis of social and natural landscapes. The analytical process is divided into six easily replicable and causatively connected steps. The goal is two-fold: first, to present the inextricable connections between physical landscapes and the communities that occupy them. And second, to provide a fundamental tool to public policy designers that should simultaneously improve social acceptability of conservation policies and policy efficiency and effectiveness. Finally, this methodology is consciously heterogeneous from a theoretical perspective. This article puts together, in fruitful dialogue, contributions from varying places on the social theory spectrum: from political economy to poststructural theory. 相似文献
34.
Mortimer MJ 《Environmental management》2008,41(5):640-653
Political and legal conflicts between the need for targeted private forest conservation and the continued assurance of private
property rights in the U.S. presents a seemingly intractable resource management problem. Scandinavian use of habitat protection
areas on private forests offers an additional tool that may be suitable for solving the historical and on-going tension found
within U.S. efforts to reconcile desires to maintain lands in a forested condition while also respecting private property
rights. This article presents a comparative cross-sectional policy analysis of Sweden, Finland, and the U.S., supported with
a supplemental case example from the Commonwealth of Virginia. Similarities in all three countries among forest ownership
patterns, use of public subsidies, and changing attitudes towards conservation are generally encouraging. Additionally, Virginia’s
current consideration and development of state-wide forest policies focused on forestland and open space conservation suggests
both a need and an opportunity to systematically assess the applicability of the Nordic forest reserve approach to local private
forest conservation. Future research at a high-resolution, and specifically at the state level, should focus on the social
and political factors that would ultimately determine the viability of a forest reserve program. 相似文献
35.
36.
Sara P. Bombaci Cooper M. Farr H. Travis Gallo Anna M. Mangan Lani T. Stinson Monica Kaushik Liba Pejchar 《Conservation biology》2016,30(1):216-225
Scientists are increasingly using Twitter as a tool for communicating science. Twitter can promote scholarly discussion, disseminate research rapidly, and extend and diversify the scope of audiences reached. However, scientists also caution that if Twitter does not accurately convey science due to the inherent brevity of this media, misinformation could cascade quickly through social media. Data on whether Twitter effectively communicates conservation science and the types of user groups receiving these tweets are lacking. To address these knowledge gaps, we examined live tweeting as a means of communicating conservation science at the 2013 International Congress for Conservation Biology (ICCB). We quantified and compared the user groups sending and reading live tweets. We also surveyed presenters to determine their intended audiences, which we compared with the actual audiences reached through live tweeting. We also asked presenters how effectively tweets conveyed their research findings. Twitter reached 14 more professional audience categories relative to those attending and live tweeting at ICCB. However, the groups often reached through live tweeting were not the presenters’ intended audiences. Policy makers and government and non‐governmental organizations were rarely reached (0%, 4%, and 6% of audience, respectively), despite the intent of the presenters. Plenary talks were tweeted about 6.9 times more than all other oral or poster presentations combined. Over half the presenters believed the tweets about their talks were effective. Ineffective tweets were perceived as vague or missing the presenters’ main message. We recommend that presenters who want their science to be communicated accurately and broadly through Twitter should provide Twitter‐friendly summaries that incorporate relevant hashtags and usernames. Our results suggest that Twitter can be used to effectively communicate speakers’ findings to diverse audiences beyond conference walls. 相似文献
37.
Lakes Manapouri and Te Anau, in Fiordland National Park, became the center of a major controversy after the New Zealand government offered their water resource to an overseas aluminum smelting consortium for electricity generation. Although the scheme proceeded, the lake levels were not raised as originally proposed. Rather, government sought guidelines to optimize hydroelectric potential while maintaining ecological stability of the vulnerable, largely forested, glaciated lakeshores. Guidelines were derived by relating the vegetation zonation to the natural lake-level fluctuations recorded daily for 37 years. Ahigh operating range in the upper third of the lakes' natural ranges, based on flood tolerances of the woody shoreline species, restricts both duration and frequency. Alow operating range (ca. lower third) safeguards stability of shoreline sediments by limiting drawn-down rates, duration, and frequency. Themain operating range (ca. middle third) has few limitations. These guidelines, which allow utilization of ca. 93% of the water resource, have now been verified by instances of flooding and draw-down rates that exceeded the natural rates recorded earlier. The guidelines were officially accepted by the government in 1977 as a basis for managing the valuable multiple resources of these two lakes and their environs, and they were formalized in legislation in 1981. The details and merits of the guideline approach are discussed. 相似文献
38.
Melinda G. Knutson Donald J. Leopold Richard C. Smardon 《Environmental management》1993,17(2):199-210
Consideration of biological quality has long been an important component of rating areas for conservation. Often these same
areas are highly valued by people for aesthetic reasons, creating demands for housing and recreation that may conflict with
protection plans for these habitats. Most methods of selecting land for conservation purposes use biological factors alone.
For some land areas, analysis of aesthetic qualities is also important in describing the scenic value of undisturbed land.
A method for prioritizing small islands and shoals based on both biological and visual quality factors is presented here.
The study included 169 undeveloped islands and shoals ⩽0.8 ha in the Thousand Islands Region of the St. Lawrence River, New
York. Criteria such as critical habitat for uncommon plant and animal species were considered together with visual quality
and incorporated into a rating system that ranked the islands and shoals according to their priority for conservation management
and protection from development. Biological factors were determined based on previous research and a field survey. Visual
quality was determined by visual diagnostic criteria developed from public responses to photographs of a sample of islands.
Variables such as elevation, soil depth, and type of plant community can be used to classify islands into different categories
of visual quality but are unsuccessful in classifying islands into categories of overall biological quality. 相似文献
39.
Fuzzy cognitive mapping was used to develop a participatory ecosystem management plan for Uluabat Lake, Turkey. Interviews
were conducted with stakeholders belonging to six different groups. Lake pollution was the most central and most mentioned
variable for stakeholders. Stakeholder groups agree that lake pollution is negatively affecting ecosystem health and thereby
local economies. Thus, reducing lake pollution was chosen as the overall goal for the management plan. Possible ways to reduce
lake pollution and increase ecosystem health were seen differently by the different groups. Hunters, factory managers, NGO
personnel, and local people thought industry was the main cause of lake pollution, while officials from the government and
local municipalities thought roads and urban development contributed the most to lake pollution. Generally the stakeholder
groups did not perceive their own actions as affecting the lake as strongly as other groups thought. For example, factory
managers viewed factory pollution as negatively affecting the lake but less strongly than the other groups did. According
to policy option simulations, reducing lake pollution had positive effects on all variables, especially fish, birds, animal
husbandry, irrigation, agriculture, and the ecological balance of the lake. Results of this analysis were used to facilitate
meetings among stakeholder groups and to develop a participatory ecosystem management plan. The analysis was useful for pointing
out the similarities as well as the differences among the groups. It also helped the facilitators understand the focus of
each stakeholder group and enabled them to suggest activities in which each group would want to participate. 相似文献
40.
The
spatial pattern of ecosystem function can affect ecosystem conservation. Ecosystem functions are often heterogeneous spatially due to physical and biological factors. We can influence ecosystem functions by changing the spatial patterns of the physical and biological elements of an ecosystem and regulating their combinations. The variation–position effect highlights a phenomenon resulting from the spatial pattern of ecosystem function. The effect shows that the identical variation of a factor may produce different effects on the overall situation when this variation occurs in a different spatial position. In a watershed of the Yangtze River, water retention is a primary ecosystem function. The variation–position effect for water retention capacity occurs in the watershed because of the spatial heterogeneity in vegetation, soil, and slope. The change of vegetation that occurs in a complex can affect the overall situation of water retention, and the effect can be different due to the change occurring in the
position holding different vegetation-soil-slope complex. To improve the ecosystem in the watershed and to meet the social needs for the ecosystem function of water retention, a strategy called ecosystem function and spatial pattern-based forest extension was proposed to conserve forests. The implementation of the strategy enables the watershed to attain the maximum effective increase in water retention capacity. 相似文献