Integrating farming techniques in an ecological matrix model: Implementation on the primrose (Primula vulgaris)

Several studies have proven the importance of field margins in sustaining biodiversity and other work has been done on the effect of field management on field margin flora. However few models have been built to predict the effects of field management on the flora. Our project addresses this need for a model capable of predicting the effect of cropping techniques and their timing on the flora of field margins. Primula vulgaris is a biodiversity indicator, characteristic of undisturbed flora and found in field margins and woodlands: its population has been declining for several years. We created a temporal matrix model of P. vulgaris populations on field margins, taking into account the effects of field, field margin and roadside management based on literature and expert knowledge. We then analysed its sensitivity to demographic parameters by comparing lambda (growth rate) sensitivity and elasticity. We compared the management parameter effect using the relative growth rate of the population after 6 years of simulation. Sensitivity analysis to biological parameters showed the importance of adult survival and seed production and germination. Results show that P. vulgaris is particularly sensitive to broad-spectrum herbicides and that other management techniques like early mowing, scything and scrub-killer (diluted broad-spectrum herbicide or specific herbicide) are less aggressive. Our simulations show that management of cash crops in Brittany is too aggressive for P. vulgaris populations and that 4-5 years of grassland in the adjacent field are necessary to maintain populations.     

磺胺类兽药对土壤酶活性的影响

采用室内培养的方法,研究磺胺类兽药（磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺甲唑）污染对土壤蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,磺胺类兽药可显著抑制土壤蔗糖酶的活性,其抑制率可达50%以上。兽药对土壤硝酸还原酶活性的影响表现为先抑制后激活的趋势,最大抑制率和激活率可达98.6%、580%。兽药对土壤过氧化氢酶活性的影响主要以激活作用为主,对土壤磷酸酶活性的影响则呈现＂激活-抑制＂的循环趋势。兽药对土壤脲酶活性的影响表现为,培养前期低浓度时激活,高浓度时抑制;培养后期低、高浓度时均抑制。兽药对土壤多酚氧化酶活性的影响表现为,培养前期激活,培养后期抑制。     

天津水产业磺胺类耐药细菌及其分布

水产养殖中抗生素的滥用可能会诱导水产品和周围环境中的耐药菌.针对天津市北辰区、西青区、东丽区和津南区的6个水产养殖场的底泥和水样,采用抗性平板筛选耐药细菌,通过对磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率分析,发现底泥中的耐药率要大大高于水中的耐药率,并且与国外的某些研究相比,底泥的细菌耐药率呈现较高的趋势.另外,利用16S-rDNA鉴定出8...     

异戊二烯和甲苯二次有机示踪物的臭氧非均相氧化

本文基于相对速率法,通过烟雾箱实验测定了异戊二烯和甲苯二次有机示踪物的臭氧非均相氧化的有效速率常数,考察了不同条件(相对湿度和混合状态等)对示踪物臭氧非均相氧化过程的影响,并且分析了由于示踪物被氧化所引起的二次源解析的不确定性.结果表明,赤藓糖醇(analogue of 2-methyl erythritol,AME)和2,3-二羟基-4-氧代戊酸(2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid,DHOPA)的有效速率常数分别为(4. 60±0. 66)×10-19cm~3·(molecule·s)~(-1)和(6. 57±0. 51)×10-19cm~3·(molecule·s)~(-1);考虑到示踪物不稳定引起的不确定性,采用示踪物产率法解析二次源会对异戊二烯和甲苯二次生成气溶胶低估约16. 5%～44. 8%和18. 3%～47. 3%.     

除磷亚硝化颗粒工艺启动及性能恢复

针对生活污水低碳氮比的水质特点,采用SBR反应器接种低温储存的强化生物除磷颗粒污泥,来启动除磷亚硝化颗粒工艺,通过控制曝气强度及污泥龄实现除磷亚硝化的稳定运行,为后置CANON或厌氧氨氧化工艺(ANAMMOX)提供进水.污泥龄为30 d的条件下实现了出水TP小于0. 5 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度小于50 mg·L~(-1),亚硝酸盐氮积累率达到了90%以上.实验还得出,过高的曝气强度使除磷亚硝化性能恶化,可采用降低曝气强度和减小污泥龄的方式来改善除磷性能.污泥龄为40 d可以实现生活污水除磷亚硝化中的亚硝化性能进一步恢复,最终实现出水磷浓度保持在0. 5 mg·L~(-1)以下,COD及TP去除率分别稳定在80%及95%,亚硝酸盐积累率保持在90%以上,SVI值从初始的63 m L·g~(-1)降低到35 m L·g~(-1),颗粒污泥沉降性能良好,颗粒粒径在整个运行过程中保持在1 000μm以上.     

温度对硝化杆菌(Nitrobacter)活性动力学影响

为探究温度对亚硝酸盐氧化细菌中硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)活性动力学影响,本试验采用序批式活性污泥(SBR)反应器,在通过改变系统进水亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)浓度达到富集Nitrobacter基础上,以富含Nitrobacter污泥为对象(宏基因组物种注释和丰度分析显示Nitrobacter占细菌总数40. 3%),考察不同NO_2~--N浓度梯度下亚硝酸盐氧化过程比亚硝态氮氧化速率(SNi OR)变化规律,基于Monod模型考察系统温度对Nitrobacter活性动力学影响,并进行统计学分析.结果表明,30℃条件下SNi OR达到最大(以N/VSS计),为1. 31 g·(g·d)~(-1).统计学分析结果显示,Monod方程可较好地反映不同温度条件下基质底物浓度对Nitrobacter活性影响.基于菲尔普斯方程计算不同温度区间内温度系数(θ)可知,当系统温度低于25℃或高于30℃时,反应速率随温度变化越敏感.     

活性污泥物理结构对呼吸过程的影响

物理性能和生物活性是活性污泥法中两个重要的关注方面,为解决运行控制中这两方面的矛盾,对不同活性污泥系统中的污泥物理结构和呼吸过程进行分析.利用7个不同活性污泥系统中的污泥,对其粒径、分形维数、压缩沉降性能、吸附性能和呼吸图谱等方面进行研究分析.结果表明,物理性能指标和呼吸速率之间存在较好的相关关系,其中污泥粒径(d)与内源比呼吸速率(SOUR_e)和最大比呼吸速率(SOUR_t)呈指数负相关(R~20.9);分形维数(D_f)与SOUR_e和SOUR_t呈线性负相关(R~20.8);压缩指数(SCI)和污泥指数(SVI)与SOUR~2_e呈对数正相关(R0.9);平衡吸附量(Q_(max))与准内源比呼吸速率(SOUR_q)和SOUR_e呈线性负相关(R~20.9).从而得出活性污泥正常运行条件下的最佳物理性能和活性范围:SVI为50～120 mL·g~(-1),SOUR_e为6.27～7.55 mg·(g·h)~(-1),d为205.80～228.12μm,D_f为1.56～1.60,R_(n/t)为0.02～0.03,Q_(max)为508～636 mg·g~(-1).     

Explosibility of micron- and nano-size titanium powders

Explosibility of micron- and nano-titanium was determined and compared according to explosion severity and likelihood using standard dust explosion equipment. ASTM methods were followed using a Siwek 20-L explosion chamber, MIKE 3 apparatus and BAM oven. The explosibility parameters investigated for both size ranges of titanium include explosion severity (maximum explosion pressure (P_max) and size-normalized maximum rate of pressure rise (K_St)) and explosion likelihood (minimum explosible concentration (MEC), minimum ignition energy (MIE) and minimum ignition temperature (MIT)). Titanium particle sizes were ?100 mesh (<150 μm), ?325 mesh (<45 μm), ≤20 μm, 150 nm, 60–80 nm, and 40–60 nm. The results show a significant increase in explosion severity as the particle size decreases from ?100 mesh with an apparent plateau being reached at ?325 mesh and ≤20 μm. Micron-size explosion severity could not be compared with that for nano-titanium due to pre-ignition of the nano-powder in the 20-L chamber. The likelihood of an explosion increases significantly as the particle size decreases into the nano range. Nano-titanium is very sensitive and can self-ignite under the appropriate conditions. The explosive properties of the nano-titanium can be suppressed by adding nano-titanium dioxide to the dust mixture. Safety precautions and procedures for the nano-titanium are also discussed.     

Mental Workload and Health: A Latent Threat

The aim of this study is to investigate changes in cardiovascular activity associated with a high mental workload. The reported experiments, carried out in naturalistic settings, point to information load and information processing under time pressure as main risk factors. This kind of occupational stress had to be dealt with by two of the three groups under investigation: brokers and simultaneous interpreters; it was not experienced by lecturing university professors. The pattern of cardiovascular activity of the two former groups consisted of overmobilization of cardiovascular activity at the beginning of work, and only partial normalization of task-evoked changes in cardiovascular activity at the end of work. Substantial elevations of diastolic blood pressure and tachycardia, which followed earlier overmobilization, resemble a miniature copy of changes seen in the development of cardiovascular diseases.     

Circadian Rhythm of Heart Rate,Urinary Cortisol Excretion,and Sleep in Civil Air Traffic Controllers

The examination of Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs) from the Warsaw Airport (Poland) included 24-hr ECG monitoring. The participants were 10 civil ATCs, 9 males and 1 woman. The study was carried out on a group of 19 ATCs during their duty periods, 14 of them working 12-hr shifts and 5 performing 24-hr duties. The participants collected urine every 4 hrs, and Cortisol concentration was determined. Further, the survey included the quality and duration of sleep, and subjective fatigue in the 62 participants.

In ATCs, shift work modifies natural rhythms of the circulatory system and decreases the ability for intensified mental work at night. In consequence ATCs experience frequent sleep disorders.