Efficient removal of pollutants from olive washing wastewater in bubble-column bioreactor by Trametes versicolor

The white-rot fungi Panus tigrinus, Funalia trogii and Trametes versicolor have been tested in shake flasks for the reduction of olive washing wastewater (OWW) pollutants and production of oxidases on OWW-based media. P. tigrinus was rejected for its scarce performance. F. trogii showed best production of laccase (27 000 U g⁻¹), while T. versicolor appeared a good pollutant degrader reducing colour, COD and phenols by 60, 72 and 87%, respectively. Only T. versicolor grew well in bubble-column bioreactor: its OWW depollution, in continuous process, led to colour, COD and phenols reduction by 65%, 73% and 89%, respectively. Optimal dilution rate was 0.225 d⁻¹ (0.225 m³ of effluent treated daily per m³ of bioreactor). Thus, a small bioreactor (10 m³) could treat daily the amount of OWW produced by a standard olive washing machine (2 m³ d⁻¹). For these reasons, this process could be proposed as a simple, efficient and low-cost OWW treatment.     

Phytoextraction by arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. from six arsenic-contaminated soils: Repeated harvests and arsenic redistribution

This greenhouse experiment evaluated arsenic removal by Pteris vittata and its effects on arsenic redistribution in soils. P. vittata grew in six arsenic-contaminated soils and its fronds were harvested and analyzed for arsenic in October, 2003, April, 2004, and October, 2004. The soil arsenic was separated into five fractions via sequential extraction. The ferns grew well and took up arsenic from all soils. Fern biomass ranged from 24.8 to 33.5 g plant(-1) after 4 months of growth but was reduced in the subsequent harvests. The frond arsenic concentrations ranged from 66 to 6,151 mg kg(-1), 110 to 3,056 mg kg(-1), and 162 to 2,139 mg kg(-1) from the first, second and third harvest, respectively. P. vittata reduced soil arsenic by 6.4-13% after three harvests. Arsenic in the soils was primarily associated with amorphous hydrous oxides (40-59%), which contributed the most to arsenic taken up by P. vittata (45-72%). It is possible to use P. vittata to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils by repeatedly harvesting its fronds.     

Comparison of Spontaneous Antibiotic Resistance Frequency of Salmonella Typhimurium Growth in Glucose Amended Continuous Culture at Slow and Fast Dilution Rates

Abstract

The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of spontaneous acquisition of resistance to select antibiotics by Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) when grown in glucose amended continuous flow culture at slow (D = 0.025 h^{? 1}) or fast (D = 0.27 h^{? 1}) dilution rates. The bacterium was grown in LB minimal medium (pH 6.25) containing no antibiotics. Upon achieving steady state, samples were plated to tryptic soy agar (TSA) alone or supplemented (per ml) with 2 and 16 μg oxytetracycline, 4 and 16 μg tetracycline, 2 and 64 μg kanamycin, and 0.25 and 2 μg enrofloxacin. Regardless of growth rate, CFU of resistant ST from the TSA containing antibiotics was less than 2 × 10¹ except for 2 μg kanamycin and 0.25 μg enrofloxacin treatments (higher than 1 × 10⁹ and 4 × 10⁷ CFU of resistant ST for trials 1 and 2, respectively). Frequency of recovering resistant ST from the TSA containing the higher antibiotic concentrations was less than 1 in 10⁹ for all antibiotics, but was higher on the media containing 2 μg kanamycin and 0.25 μg enrofloxacin at both slow and fast growth rates. In general, minimal susceptibility differences were detected for isolates from slow and fast dilution rates.     

挥发酚和总氰化物在三种水质中测定方法的比对

本文采用连续流动注射法[1]和紫外分光光度法[2-3],分别对地表水、生活污水、工业废水三种水质中的挥发酚和总氰化物进行测定。实验结果表明:两种分析方法测定三种水质中的挥发酚和总氰化物结果基本一致,检出限、精密度、准确度、加标回收率均符合质量控制要求。连续流动注射法的自动化程度更高,操作更简便,可适用于多种水质挥发酚和总氰化物的分析。     

连续流动分析法测定水中总磷不确定度的评定

在实验室分析基础上对连续流动分析法测定水中总磷过程的不确定度进行评定。本文建立了数学模型,对不确定度来源进行了分析,并计算了不确定度分量、合成不确定度及扩展不确定度,最后给出了总磷测量结果的标准表示方法。     

An approach to the subslab depressurization remedial action in a high Rn concentration dwelling

Galicia (NW Spain) is a radon-prone area in the Iberian Peninsula. Measurements were carried out at a rural dwelling, with an annual average of radon concentration over 4000 Bq m⁻³ and a maximum of 9000 Bq m⁻³, found during a radon screening campaign held in the Autonomous Community of Galicia. We performed a detailed study to identify the main contamination source and the behaviour of the radon concentration, in which a linear dependence with temperature was verified, once corrected for relative humidity. We used different passive methods (charcoal canisters and two types of etched track detectors) as well as a radon concentration monitor that provided continuous measurement. Subsequent to this characterization, and in order to reduce the high radon concentration, a remedial action was developed using different passive and forced ventilation methods. A modified subslab depressurization technique was found to be the most effective remedy, providing a radon concentration reduction of around 96%. This method also has the advantages of being inexpensive and reliable over time.     

Measurement Of Nutrients In Green House Soil With Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied for the determination of nutrients in the green house soil samples. We determined appropriate spectral signatures of vital nutrients and calibrated the method to measure the nutrients in a naturally fertilized plot, cultivated with tomato and cucumber plants. From the calibration curves we predicted the concentrations of important nutrients such as Ca, K, P, Mg, Fe, S, Ni and Ba in the soil. Our measurements proved that the LIBS method rapidly and efficiently measures soil nutrients with excellent detection limits of 12, 9, 7, 9, 7, 10, 8 and 12~mg/kg for Ca, K, P, Mg, Fe, S, Ni and Ba respectively with a precision of 2%, The unique features of LIBS for rapid sample analysis demonstrated by this study suggests that this method offers promise for precision measurements of soil nutrients as compared to conventional methods in short span of time.     

爆炸性气体在连续拐弯管道中传播特性的实验研究

针对复杂燃气管网燃气爆炸致灾严重,传播规律复杂的问题,利用实验室加工成的连续拐弯管道,模拟研究了复杂燃气管网爆炸性气体通过连续拐弯管道时的火焰传播速度、爆炸波超压变化情况。研究结果表明,当整个管道内充满瓦斯气体时,通过连续拐弯后,火焰传播速度和爆炸波超压值产生显著变化,在连续拐弯管道拐弯处为一扰动源,诱导附加湍流,气流湍流度增大,管道拐弯增加了燃烧区的湍流度,火焰燃烧产生加速度,加速燃烧产生更大能量以推动加速传播。研究结果对指导现场如何防治复杂燃气管网气体爆炸,减轻爆炸的威力具有重要作用。     

连续流动分析法测定废水中的总氮

本文初步探讨了连续流动分析法测定废水中总氮的方法。通过将测量量程扩大至20mg/L,对混浊的废水进行过滤处理,实验结果表明,该方法的相关系数达0．9999,方法检出限为0．02mg/L,加标回收率在99．5％-108％之间,RSD为0．2％-0．6％,可适用于废水中总氮的分析。     

Measurements of indoor radon concentrations in the Santiago de Compostela area

Galician soils are among those with the highest (222)Rn exhalation rates in Spain. A year-round study of the indoor (222)Rn concentration in buildings in the Santiago de Compostela area (Galicia, Northwest of Spain) was performed. The study is based on systematic samplings with active charcoal canisters, following a modified EPA 520/5-87-005 protocol. These measurements were complemented by others obtained using etched track dosimeters. Each data set follows a log-normal distribution, with a geometric mean of (253+/-3)Bqm(-3) for charcoal canisters and (285+/-2.5)Bqm(-3) for etched track detectors. After correcting for the different measuring conditions, the mean value of both methods differed by only 2%. A careful analysis of the seasonal dependence of our measurements did not reveal any significant seasonal variations in the (222)Rn concentration. Parallel to these measurements, different meteorological parameters were recorded, which revealed a direct correlation between the indoor radon concentration and the outdoor temperature derivative with respect to time.