真空紫外辐照法降解水中丁基黄原酸钾的影响因素及动力学模型

黄原酸盐是常用的有色金属硫化矿浮选剂，进入环境后会造成潜在风险.本文以丁基黄原酸钾（PBX）为目标污染物，在比较真空紫外辐照法（VUV）、曝气（Aeration）、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）氧化和次氯酸钠（NaClO）氧化处理对PBX降解效果的基础上，深入研究反应温度、初始pH值、初始底物浓度及共存离子对效果最优的VUV法降解PBX的影响，探明影响VUV降解PBX的关键因素并建立动力学模型.结果表明，对初始浓度为20 mg·L^-1的PBX进行VUV、NaClO氧化、H₂O₂氧化和曝气处理60 min后，VUV处理效果最优（PBX降解率为97.49%），随后依次为H₂O₂氧化、NaClO氧化和曝气处理.在VUV处理过程中，反应温度和初始pH的升高促进了PBX降解，随着PBX初始浓度增加降解速率常数（k_C）减小.溶液中共存的CO₃^2-、SiO₃^2-促进了PBX降解，Ca²⁺则抑制了PBX降解.反应温度和初始pH值是影响PBX降解的关键因素，基于这两个因素建立了PBX降解的模型方程.从经济有效的角度综合考虑，反应温度35℃、pH=8、合适的阴离子（SiO₃^2-、CO₃^2-）及其浓度有利于促进VUV降解PBX.研究结果为选矿废水有机污染物的处理提供了新思路.     

饮用水中BDOC测定动力学研究

采用悬浮培养测定法,讨论了ＢＤＯＣ测定中动力学特性,得出在２８ｄ测定中ＢＤＯＣ的降解动力学满足一级反应,动力学方程为ＢＤＯＣｔ＝ＢＤＯＣｕ（１＝１０＾－０．０７７ｔ）,降解常数ｋ＝０．０７７ｄ＾－１,通过比较实测的ＢＤＯＣ３和据公式计算出的ＢＤＯＣ３,证明这种动力学关系基本正确。     

水力空化技术的研究及其应用

水力空化是一种新的水处理技术.作为一种新技术,水力空化已经应用于化学和环境领域.本文阐述了水力空化的机理,包括空化的产生、发展及溃灭的过程,并提出了空泡溃灭时产生的高温高压是水处理过程中的能量来源.研究了影响水力空化的因素,介绍了其在国内外的研究进展,以及水力空化的动力学基础,指出了该领域目前存在的问题以及以后的研究方向,对进一步深入研究空化现象及应用有一定的参考作用.     

三峡库区水华优势藻类生长动力学的普适性研究

从蓝绿藻中选取绿藻门的普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris,CV藻)为研究对象,应用Monod方程考察氮、磷营养盐对CV藻生长的影响,分别计算出CV藻对TP、TN的半饱和常数KSP和KSN结果表明KSN>>KSP,说明TP对CV藻生长的影响明显大于TN.CV藻生长速率对磷质量浓度反应很灵敏:与空白值相比,在0.002 mg·L-1的低浓度下u就有提高,而浓度到0.2 mg.L-1时,u明显增大;但在0.000-0.050 mg·L-1氮浓度范围内u几乎没有变化.通过系统比较CV藻与优势蓝绿藻,甚至海水藻的生长动力学特征,探讨了CV藻与其它蓝绿藻的动力学普适性和共同性,证实这些藻类都具有非常类似的生长动力学和生态学特征.因此,推测CV藻生长动力学模型可以从整体上反映和代表库区优势蓝绿藻的生长行为.同时分析和归纳了蓝绿藻生长模型的相似性和规律性,得出三峡库区优势藻类生长行为存在普遍一致性的初步结论.     

厌氧反应器系统动力学模型构建方法学研究

以系统动力学的基本概念、方法为基础提出了存在于变量之间的3种基本关系模式,并在此基础上提出针对复杂系统的分块建模理论.将以葡萄糖为进水基质的厌氧反应器划分为3个子系统.确定了该系统的系统结构图,在此基础上构建厌氧消化系统的SD模型.根据分块建模的优势及特点,对模型中的3个子系统采用不同的计算方式,通过对比模拟结果表明,SD模型静态模拟结果与实验数据、传统结构模型模拟结果之间的误差<10%,动态模拟结果与实际趋势一致,说明SD模型的模拟结果是可信的.根据其特性,对取消物化子系统的简化模犁的模拟结果进行分析,表明根据不同的研究目的,选择合适的模型结构是必要的,采用系统动力学的分块建模方法有利于模型的简化与升级、减少计算量、提高模型的计算速度.     

Ethical considerations when conservation research involves people

Social science is becoming increasingly important in conservation, with more studies involving methodologies that collect data from and about people. Conservation science is a normative and applied discipline designed to support and inform management and practice. Poor research practice risks harming participants and, researchers, and can leave negative legacies. Often, those at the forefront of field-based research are early-career researchers, many of whom enter their first research experience ill-prepared for the ethical conundrums they may face. We draw on our own experiences as early-career researchers to illuminate how ethical challenges arise during conservation research that involves human participants. Specifically, we considered ethical review procedures, conflicts of values, and power relations, and devised broad recommendations on how to navigate ethical challenges when they arise during research. In particular, we recommend researchers apply reflexivity (i.e., thinking that allows researchers to recognize the effect researchers have on the research) to help navigate ethical challenges and encourage greater engagement with ethical review processes and the development of ethical guidelines for conservation research that involves human participants. Such guidelines must be accompanied by the integration of rigorous ethical training into conservation education. We believe our experiences are not uncommon and can be avoided and hope to spark discussion to contribute to a more socially just conservation.     

四川省土地承载力研究的系统动力学仿真模型

本文利用系统动力学理论,建立了四川省土地承载能力的动态仿真模型,模型中包括土地利用、人口、种植业、畜牧业、渔业等子系统,文中阐述了土地承载力模型的建立过程和方法,模拟了四川未来45年土地承载力系统的动态变化轨迹,提出了两种方案,并对其仿真结果进行了分析。     

Possible Use of Ash Residues for the Construction of Artificial Reefs at Sea

Utilization of ash residues, including coal ash, oil ash, and municipal solid waste combustion ash, for the construction of artificial reefs at sea has been investigated by many researchers throughout the world for nearly 20 years. Both laboratory and field studies have shown that an artificial reef made of stabillized ash-concrete (SAC) has had no adverse effect on the marine environment. Indeed, published studies have shown that fish counts increase around SAC reefs owing to an abundance of colonizing organisms and to protection provided by cavities within the reef structures. However, public and regulatory resistance to the use of SAC for artificial reef construction at sea is still very strong in certain countries due to concern for possible negative environmental impacts, primarily in the area of bioaccumulation of elements or compounds originating from the ash component of SAC.

In this paper, technological feasibility of using ash residues for artificial reef construction is presented, based on the available 20 years of scientific data, including engineering workability, physical integrity, chemical leaching potential and biological effects. More important, we also identify conceptual barriers for the acceptance of using SAC for the construction of ocean reefs and suggest approaches to overcome these barriers.     

Economic and Ecological Consequences of the Disappearance of Traditional Practices Related to Chestnut Groves

Based on an interdisciplinary study of nine localities, the authors analyse the role of human and local factors involved in the disappearance of chestnut groves. This analysis enables us to understand the significant elements involved, causes, restricting factors, potentialities which explain today's situation, and to hypothesise upon the evolution of the chestnut groves and the Southern Cevennes in the years to come. These hypotheses emphasise the necessary changes in attitudes and the extra research required to lead a positive future action in order to manage this territory in a rational way.     

Emission Inventories of Carbon-containing Greenhouse Gases in China and Technological Measures for Their Abatement

The report summarizes surveys on carbon inventories and initiatives on sustainable carbon cycling taken by the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, where the authors work/worked. The first part of the report, which appeared in the preceding issue of this journal, deals with the concept of sustainable carbon cycling, the historic evolution of carbon cycling processes in China, carbon pool enhancement, value addition, carbon sequestration and carbon balance. This very paper, as the second part of the report, covers the results of carbon dynamics modeling, emission inventories of various carbon-containing greenhouse gases and their potential abatement measures.