Environmental Control and Limnological Impacts of a Large Recurrent Spring Bloom in Lake Washington,USA

A series of statistical analyses were used to identify temporal and spatial patterns in the phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics of Lake Washington, an mesotrophic lake in Washington State (USA). These analyses were based on fortnightly or monthly samples of water temperature, Secchi transparency, ammonium (NH₄), nitrate (NO₃), inorganic phosphorus (IP), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and chlorophyll a (chl a) collected during 1995–2000 from 12 stations. Lake Washington has a very consistent and pronounced annual spring diatom bloom which occurs from March to May. During this bloom, epilimnetic chl a concentrations peak on average at 10 μg/L, which is 3 times higher than chl a concentrations typically seen during summer stratified conditions. The spring bloom on average comprised 62% diatoms, 21% chlorophytes and 8% cyanobacteria. During summer stratification, diatoms comprised 26% of the phytoplankton community, chlorophytes 37% and cyanobacteria 25%. Cryptophytes comprised approximately 8% of the community throughout the year. Overall, 6 phytoplankton genera (i.e., Aulacoseira, Fragilaria, Cryptomonas, Asterionella, Stephanodiscus, and Ankistrodesmus) cumulatively accounted for over 50% of the community. These analyses also suggest that the phytoplankton community strongly influences the seasonality of NO₃, IP, DO, pH and water clarity. According to a MANOVA, seasonal fluctuations explained 40% of the total variability for the major parameters, spatial heterogeneity explained 10% of variability, and the seasonal-spatial interaction explained 10% of variability. Distinctive patterns were identified between offshore and inshore sampling stations. The results of our analyses also suggest that spatial variability was substantial, but much smaller than temporal variability.     

Effects of mechanical fracturing and experimental trampling on Hawaiian corals

In situ trampling occurred under experimental conditions to quantify the differences in the responses to anthropogenic trampling in four dominant species of Hawaiian corals, Porites compressa, Porites lobata, Montipora capitata, and Pocillopora meandrina. Trampling was simulated daily for a period of nine days at which time further breakage was minimal. Forty treatment colonies produced 559 fragments. Trampling was followed by an 11-month recovery period. Coral colony and fragment mortality was low. All four species were highly tolerant of inflicted damage, suggesting that some species of corals can withstand limited pulse events that allow time for recovery. Growth rates following trampling were significantly lower in the treatment groups for three of the four species. This study demonstrated that very few trampling events can produce significant changes in growth even after a long recovery period. Survivorship of fragments is clearly size- and species-dependent in M. capitata and P. compressa. Smaller fragments (<5 cm) had higher mortality than larger fragments (>5 cm). High breakage rates for M. capitata and P. compressa are consistent with the nearshore, low-energy regions they inhabit—the same environment frequented by skin divers and waders. Mechanical tests were conducted to determine tensile and compressive strengths. Pocillopora meandrina exhibited the strongest skeletal strength, followed in decreasing order by Porites lobata, Porites compressa, and Montipora capitata. The skeletal strength obtained from the experiments correlate with the wave energy present in the environments in the regions they inhabit, suggesting that structural strength of corals is an adaptive response to hydraulic stress.     

水射流技术处理软基防渗工程实例

介绍了在西沙群岛永兴岛的特殊地基条件下，采用高压喷射注浆技术对大型地下集水池进行封底，并获得圆满成功的工程实例，总结了采用高压喷射注浆技术处理珊瑚礁（Ｃｏｒａｌｒｅｅｆ） 地基的成功经验     

浙江省灾害预防与经济协调发展的系统动态学模型

本文运用系统工程原理和系统动态学方法,构造了浙江省灾害预防与社会经济协调发展的系统动态学模型,并运用该模型对浙江省进行了初步的仿真研究,以寻求适宜的防灾政策。     

SENSITIVITY OF A PRAIRIE WETLAND TO INCREASED TEMPERATURE AND SEASONAL PRECIPITATION CHANGES1

ABSTRACT: We assessed the potential effects of increased temperature and changes in amount and seasonal timing of precipitation on the hydrology and vegetation of a semi-permanent prairie wetland in North Dakota using a spatially-defined, rule-based simulation model. Simulations were run with increased temperatures of 2°C combined with a 10 percent increase or decrease in total growing season precipitation. Changes in precipitation were applied either evenly across all months or to individual seasons (spring, summer, or fall). The response of semi-permanent wetland P1 was relatively similar under most of the seasonal scenarios. A 10 percent increase in total growing season precipitation applied to summer months only, to fall months only, and over all months produced lower water levels compared to those resulting from the current climate due to increased evapotranspiration. Wetland hydrology was most affected by changes in spring precipitation and runoff. Vegetation response was relatively consistent across scenarios. Seven of the eight seasonal scenarios produced drier conditions with no open water and greater vegetation cover compared to those resulting from the current climate. Only when spring precipitation increased did the wetland maintain an extensive open water area (49 percent). Potential changes in climate that affect spring runoff, such as changes to spring precipitation and snow melt, may have the greatest impact on prairie wetland hydrology and vegetation. In addition, relatively small changes in water level during dry years may affect the period of time the wetland contains open water. Emergent vegetation, once it is established, can survive under drier conditions due to its ability to persist in shallow water with fluctuating levels. The model's sensitivity to changes in temperature and seasonal precipitation patterns accentuates the need for accurate regional climate change projections from general circulation models.     

Impact of human trampling in different zones of a coral reef flat

The effects of trampling on the coral communities of the outer reef flat and reef crest were investigated at Heron Island at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef. Eighteen months of trampling at various intensities increased the percentage cover of unoccupied substrate and the cover of mobile rubble. The morphology of the coral was the most important feature relating to trampling resistance. Branching corals were reduced on the outer reef flat, and most broken branches were recorded in the initial phases of the experiment. The reef crest was much more resistant.A short-term trampling experiment showed that trampling detached a greater mass and larger fragments of coral on the outer reef flat than on the reef crest. Further trampling reduced the sizes of the detached fragments on the outer reef flat. A drift experiment indicated that greatest movement of fragments occurred on the reef crest and here the largest fragments moved greater distances.We concluded that all habitats would be changed by reef walking and that by one measure the outer reef flat was 16 times more vulnerable than the reef crest. The routes taken by reef walkers need to be chosen in relation to the trampling resistance of the habitat.     

除草剂氟磺胺草醚农田残留动态研究

为防止氟磺胺草醚污染农业生态环境，进行了该农药在土壤及花生，大豆上的残留动态试验研究。结果表明，氟磺胺草醚在土壤中的半衰期为１２－１８ｄ。生长后期，在植株及花生仁，大豆中均未检出残留，食用安全；提出了在这两种作物上合理使用氟磺胺草醚的准则建议。     

鼎湖山主要森林生态系统地表N_2O通量

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对鼎湖山3 种处于演替不同阶段的森林类型(季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林)的地表N2O 通量进行了 1 年的原位观测和研究.结果表明,3 种林型地表 N2O 通量按从大到小的顺序为:季风林>混交林>松林;不同林型间的 N2O 通量差异与森林土壤的性质有密切关系,C/N 比值较低的季风林凋落叶对土壤中产生N2O 的微生物过程有较为明显的促进作用;从全年来看,松林地表N2O 通量的季节变化不明显,而季风林和混交林的地表 N2O 通量在雨季存在明显的降雨驱动效应,统计分析显示在该地区影响森林地表N2O 通量的主要因子是土壤湿度.     

建筑风载数值模拟的影响因素

通过对建筑物周围风场的计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟计算与原型试验结果的比较,分析了在应用CFD计算时应该考虑的计算区域、进口边界条件、湍流模型和网格划分等各种相关因素对CFD数值模拟结果准确度的影响.结果表明,在各种影响因素中,计算区域影响相对较小,而进口边界条件、网格划分和湍流模型的影响相对较大;而且进口边界条件中速度分布对计算结果的影响大于湍流强度分布对计算结果的影响,是进口边界条件中的关键部分.同时,根据上述比较,建议在网格划分中,对几何外形简单的单个建筑的数值模拟计算,优先采用结构化网格划分方法;对于湍流模型的选择,一般的工程应用中,建议在初步设计阶段选择RNGκ-ε湍流模型,而在最终设计阶段采用雷诺应力模型.     

国土空间规划视角下流域水环境改善潜力——以长春市第二松花江流域为例

国土空间规划对新时期流域水环境保护意义重大。本文结合国土空间规划对流域水环境影响的全过程(污染产生—污染排放—污染入河)机制,构建了国土空间规划视角下流域水环境变化评估指标体系和框架。以长春市第二松花江流域为例,利用系统动力学模型和一维水动力模型QUAL2K量化了国土空间规划对流域水环境的影响。结果表明,到国土空间规划近期目标年(2025年),流域水环境状况良好,体现为流域大部分河段COD和NH₃-N达标,水环境容量最小为44.96 kg/d和5.10 kg/d。国土空间规划中的总量目标、环保设施建设和相关布局的实施将会使COD和NH₃-N污染产生量降低52.61%和14.16%;污染排放量降低26.45%和59.09%;水环境容量增加10.68%和57.17%。总体而言,国土空间规划对流域水环境改善潜力巨大,同时改善潜力因不同区域、污染源、污染物而异。本研究提出的评估框架为国土空间规划背景下流域水环境保护提供了思路。