小麦燃料乙醇循环产业生态足迹分析

为提高循环产业研究结果的可比性,以小麦燃料乙醇生产为例,采用生态足迹方法对各子系统的生态占用、资源循环利用和污染排放等进行分析.小麦燃料乙醇循环产业包括农业生产、乙醇生产、循环生产和废物处理4个子系统.结果表明:小麦燃料乙醇循环产业链的延长将增加生态足迹,其中农业生产子系统生态足迹占系统生态足迹的比例最大,主要是因为该子系统中耕地占用较大;生态足迹的经济效益随产业链的延长而增加,说明延长产业链可以提高资源利用效率;循环生产和废物处理子系统解决了乙醇生产过程中环境污染问题;系统的能源足迹和水足迹占用比例较大,应考虑降低能耗和水耗.结果也表明,生态足迹评价方法能够全面反映循环产业各子系统资源利用和环境污染状况,是评价循环产业系统的有效手段.      

利用石油流化焦制备活性炭的研究

通过高温化学活化法和以高硫石油流化焦为原料、KOH为主要活化剂制备活性炭,研究了碱焦比、乙醇或丙酮和氮气流保护等对活性炭性能的影响。实验在直立管式炉内进行,选用单因素实验,结合比表面积和孔隙表征、元素分析、工业分析及苯酚吸附值测定,对样品进行评价。结果表明:活性炭比表面积和总孔容积随碱焦比增加而增加;乙醇或丙酮配入能提高样品比表面积和孔隙特性及其苯酚吸附能力;采用无氮气流保护反应系统,能增加样品BET表面积和总孔容积,并降低硫氮含量。     

Biodegradation of mixture of VOC''''s in a biofilter

IntroductionDeterioratingatmosphericairqualityhasresultinginmorestringentregulationsarebeingenforcedtocontrolairpollutants .Volatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)areamongthenewclassofaircontaminantsgeneratedfromavarietyofindustrialsources .Effortstocontroltheemis…     

Selective catalytic reduction of NOx from exhaust of lean-burn engine over Ag-Al2O3/cordierite catalyst

A highly effective Ag-Al₂O₃ catalyst was prepared using the in-situ sol-gel method, and characterized by surface area using nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The catalyst performance was tested on a real lean-burn gasoline engine. Only unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust were directly used as reductant (without any external reductant), the maximum NO _x conversion could only reach 40% at 450°C. When an external reductant, ethanol was added, the average NO _x conversion was greater than 60%. At exhaust gas temperature range of 350–500°C, the maximum NO _x conversion reached about 90%. CO and HC could be efficiently oxidized with Pt-Al₂O₃ oxidation catalyst placed at the end of SCR converter. However, NO _x conversion drastically decreased because of the oxidation of some intermediates to NO _x again. The possible reaction mechanism was proposed as two typical processes, nitration, and reduction in HC-SCR over Ag-Al₂O₃.     

末端产物对乙醇型发酵菌群产氢能力及代谢进程的影响

利用连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)在一定条件下驯化成功的乙醇型产氢发酵菌群,通过静态培养实验,以葡萄糖为碳源,利用缓冲液控制反应体系pH值,通过不同的pH值环境使产氢发酵菌群末端产物生成比例发生改变,考察了不同的末端产物生成比例对菌群产氢能力的影响.结果表明,在液相末端产物总量相当的情况下,乙醇生成比例高时氢气产量也较高.通过外加乙醇和乙酸进行静态产氢实验发现,乙醇对发酵产氢的抑制作用不明显,同对照组相比,外加40 mmol/L时氢气产量仅下降了34%,而乙酸的存在对菌群的发酵产氢有较强的抑制,外加乙酸浓度为10 mmol/L时即对产氢发酵产生明显抑制,浓度为40 mmol/L时产氢量较对照组降低了84.3%,液相末端产物也大幅降低,混合菌群最终形成乙醇型发酵应是菌群自然选择的结果.     

细粒酒精模型冰力学性能综合评述

简要介绍现行几种模型冰质量评价指标。对细粒精模型冰的特征进行了归纳和分析。阐明细粒酒精模型冰历史资源的可靠性，从模型冰变形模量与弯曲强度的关系和压缩强度民弯曲强度的关系，以及其它物理和力学数入手，综合评价了细粒酒精模型冰的质量。     

乙醇/PODE/柴油燃料及喷油参数对柴油机燃烧和排放影响

在一台六缸四冲程高压共轨柴油机上开展了乙醇/聚甲氧基二甲醚（PODE）/柴油混合燃料对内燃机燃烧和排放影响的试验研究.结果表明,在转速为1137 r·min^-1,转矩为735 N·m的工况条件下,随着掺混PODE和乙醇比例的增大,双峰放热越来越明显,扩散燃烧速率增大,有效燃油消耗率增大,有效热效率降低,但降低幅度小于1%,其中,DPE5（PODE体积分数为20%,乙醇体积分数为5%）的有效热效率与D100（纯柴油）基本相当.提前主喷时刻、增大喷油压力均使有效热效率增大,CO和碳烟排放降低,NO_x排放增大,而对降低HC排放的影响较小.相比D100,混合燃料可降低CO、HC、碳烟排放,在低喷油压力和较晚主喷时刻下,对碳烟的减排效果更为显著,最大降幅分别为85.5%（主喷时刻-1℃ A ATDC、喷油压力900 bar）和82.9%（主喷时刻-3℃ A ATDC、喷油压力600 bar）,但不同混合燃料间的排放差异较小.综上所述,重型柴油机使用乙醇/PODE/柴油混合燃料可在热效率相当的前提下对排放有较大改善.     

BTEX在乙醇汽油和传统汽油污染地下水中的衰减行为对比

地下燃油储藏罐泄漏造成苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯（BTEX）影响生态环境和公众健康的问题一直备受关注,随着乙醇汽油的推广使用,乙醇对BTEX修复策略的影响成为需要重视的新问题.为揭示乙醇汽油污染地下水中BTEX的衰减行为,本文通过室内两个独立砂槽投注实验和近3年的监测,对比了乙醇汽油和传统汽油中BTEX自然衰减和基于硫酸盐-硝酸盐补充的增强生物修复行为.结果表明,传统汽油BTEX自然衰减较快,乙醇汽油BTEX自然衰减较慢,一级衰减速率常数分别为0.0055~0.0329 d^-1和0.0045~0.0124 d^-1;苯衰减最快,其次为甲苯.补充硫酸盐和硝酸盐能促进生物修复,单独补充硫酸盐时其利用率为89.7%~92.9%,同时补充硝酸盐时硫酸盐利用被抑制,硝酸盐利用率为79.9%~87.2%.水位波动会促进BTEX溶解和迁移,增大质量通量.乙醇汽油不仅能消耗更多电子受体,使得BTEX衰减被抑制,而且可能会扩大水位波动引起的增溶效应.     

Investigation of activated carbon/ethanol for low temperature adsorption cooling

Commercially available adsorption cooling systems use water/silica gel, water/zeolite and ammonia/ chloride salts working pairs. The water-based pairs are limited to work above 0°C due to the water high freezing temperature, while ammonia has the disadvantage of being toxic. Ethanol is a promising refrigerant due to its low freezing point (161 K), nontoxicity, zero ozone depletion, and low global warming potential. Activated carbon (AC) is a porous material with high degree of porosity (500–3000 m²/g) that has been used in wide range of applications. Using Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS) test facility, this work characterizes the ethanol adsorption of eleven commercially available activated carbon materials for cooling at low temperature of ?15°C. DVS adsorption results show that Maxsorb has the best performance in terms of ethanol uptake and adsorption kinetics compared to the other tested materials. The Maxsorb/ethanol adsorption process has been numerically modeled using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and simulation results are validated using the DVS experimental measurements. The validated CFD simulation of the adsorption process is used to predict the effects of adsorbent layer thickness and packing density on cycle uptake for evaporating temperature of ?15°C. Simulation results show that as the thickness of the Maxsorb adsorbent layer increases, its uptake decreases. As for the packing density, the amount of ethanol adsorbed per plate increases with the packing density reaching maximum at 750 kg/m³. This work shows the potential of using Maxsorb/ethanol in producing low temperature cooling down to ?15°C with specific cooling energy reaching 400 kJ/kg.     

Blends of karanja and jatropha biodiesels for diesel engine applications

Over a number of years, the work of exploring different biodiesels as an alternative to diesel fuel has been carried out worldwide. Not much focus on the use of combination of different biodiesels and their behaviour in diesel engines has been reported. This work is an attempt in this direction, which reports on the use of combination of biodiesels derived from jatropha and karanja oils. Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and honge oil methyl ester (HOME) represent the respective biodiesels derived from these non-edible oils. Experiments were conducted on a four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine using these biodiesel combinations in order to check their feasibility as alternative fuels to diesel. Initially, experiments were conducted on each biodiesel and their blends with diesel and engine parameters were optimised in terms of injection pressure and injection timing. Advancing the injection timing improved the overall performance of the engine fuelled with JOME while retarding the injection timing favoured the HOME. Both biodiesels performed better with an injector opening pressure of 230 bar. Finally, experiments were conducted with the combination of both biodiesels with different blend ratios. It was observed that increasing the JOME content in the biodiesels blend improved the performance with reduced emissions of smoke, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions. However NO _x emission increased.