排序方式: 共有43条查询结果,搜索用时 11 毫秒
1.
Preparation and implementation of seven ecological compensation plans for Dutch highways 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
First-generation compensation plans (CPs) for Dutch highway projects have been evaluated with respect to implementation of
the compensation principle (1993), which aims to counterbalance the adverse ecological impacts of large-scale development
projects. Decision-making on the seven projects took place between 1993 and 1995. Specifically, we considered: (a) the processes
employed to prepare and implement the compensation plans; (b) the methods used to identify, plan, and execute the compensation
measures; and (c) the results yielded by these methods. We conclude that the CPs were prepared fairly uniformly, particularly
in terms of the processes and methodologies used to derive compensation measures. Five of the seven CPs had become operational
by 2001 and initial experience is now being gained on land acquisition and transfer of compensation sites to nature conservation
trusts. Further progress of CPs is likely to be seriously hampered by growing demand for land for development in general and
associated increases in real estate prices. Several problems are addressed and recommendations made with respect to: (a) developing
a legal basis for the compensation principle; (b) the relationship with re-allotment projects; (c) estimation of compensation
costs; (d) an annual bias of CP budgets to account for rising costs; (e) contingency measures; and (f) criteria for CP (ex-post)
evaluation. 相似文献
2.
TED R. MILLER REBECCA S. SPICER DIANE C. LESTINA DAVID T. LEVY 《Traffic injury prevention》2013,14(1):25-34
This study compares highway crash incidence, injuries, and costs by vehicle type. Annual crash and injury incidence were estimated using Crashworthiness Data System (1988-1991), National Automotive Sampling System (1982-1986), General Estimates System (1992-1993), and Fatal Analysis Reporting System (1993) data. Costs were computed based on restraint use, body region, and threat-to-life severity of the injury. Costs were then allocated between vehicle types using three different methods in order to answer comparative safety questions. Motor vehicle and bicycle crash costs total $389 billion annually; 75% resulting from passenger vehicles. Motorcycles and bicycles have the highest costs per 1000 vehicle and passenger miles; costs per victim are highest for pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorcyclists. Costs per vehicle mile for heavy trucks and passenger cars are comparable but exceed costs for light trucks. Passenger vehicle occupants are safest if a crash occurs. Light truck, other single truck, and bus occupants have the lowest cost per passenger mile, but higher costs than air and rail travelers. Motorcyclists face the greatest risks. Combination trucks may not impose an excess risk to other drivers, but their drivers face large risks. 相似文献
3.
Koningsveld EA 《Journal of Safety Research》2005,36(3):231-236
INTRODUCTION: There are many available models that help evaluate the effectiveness of safety and health measures, but many are complex and require input from many departments within an organization. There is a need to develop a more user-friendly model. METHOD: A participative model was developed that involves face-to-face interviewers with workers, maintenance department, purchasing department and health and safety experts. They were asked about costs, efforts, benefits, and effects of gauging the effects of prevention efforts. RESULTS: Cost effectiveness analyses are essential in all cases and can include whatever the end-user requires, whether it is a small or lasting improvement. Having management participate helps validate the data. CONCLUSIONS: Organizations who collaborate with someone with at least some skill in cost-benefit evaluations will find that they will be able to establish policies and procedures from the data. The end result is a calculation that is understood by all involved. 相似文献
4.
Bergström M 《Journal of Safety Research》2005,36(3):237-240
INTRODUCTION: Measuring the effect of safety and health on production is a difficult value to gauge. METHOD: This article introduces the Potential, which is an instrument for economic analysis that incorporates different changes in conditions. RESULTS: While there are a number of problems associated with methods to determine these calculations, this method is a good indicator of the effects of safety and health and produces more than 300 variables with much less input. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Organizations can use this method effectively to determine how safety and health measure can improve their bottom line. A positive business case is highlighted. 相似文献
5.
R. Gamberini D. Del Buono F. Lolli B. Rimini 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(11):2532-2540
The definition and utilisation of engineering indexes in the field of Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is an issue of interest for technicians and scientists, which is widely discussed in literature. Specifically, the availability of consolidated engineering indexes is useful when new waste collection services are designed, along with when their performance is evaluated after a warm-up period. However, most published works in the field of MSWM complete their study with an analysis of isolated case studies. Conversely, decision makers require tools for information collection and exchange in order to trace the trends of these engineering indexes in large experiments. In this paper, common engineering indexes are presented and their values analysed in virtuous Italian communities, with the aim of contributing to the creation of a useful database whose data could be used during experiments, by indicating examples of MSWM demand profiles and the costs required to manage them. 相似文献
6.
K. A. Rosentrater T. L. Richard C. J. Bern R. A. Flores 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2003,39(4):341-367
Increasing production of corn masa for tortillas, chips, and related snack foods is resulting in large quantities of organic residuals requiring environmentally sound management. These byproduct streams appear suitable for use as livestock feed material, thus eliminating landfilling costs. Possibilities for developing livestock feed include direct shipping to livestock feeding facilities, blending prior to shipping, extrusion processing, pellet mill processing, and dehydration. To assess the viability of these options for reprocessing masa byproducts as livestock feed materials, an economic model was developed and applied to each of these alternatives. Through a series of simulation runs with this model, it was determined that direct shipping was by far the most inexpensive means of recycling masa processing residuals (10–57 $/Mg). Other alternatives examined in increasing order of costs included blending prior to shipping, extrusion, pellet mill processing (3–15, 5–18, and 4–18 times greater than direct shipping, respectively), while dehydration was clearly cost-prohibitive (33–81 times greater). Bagged feed was slightly more expensive to produce than bulk feed (1.1 times greater), and reprocessing costs increased as delivery distance increased, due to increased labor, equipment, and fuel costs, but decreased as byproduct generation rate increased, due to the development of the economies of scale. Alternately, based on a tipping fee of 50 $/Mg, the total estimated cost to landfill ranged from 65 to 112 $/Mg. Based on this cost analysis, direct shipping and feeding to livestock is the recycling option of choice for masa processing byproducts. Although specific details of process configurations and associated costs will vary, similar results are likely for other high moisture food processing residuals destined for utilization as livestock feed or components thereof. 相似文献
7.
Marty?L.?LeonardEmail author Andrew?G.?Horn Jackie?Porter 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,54(6):573-577
Much of the theoretical work on the evolution of begging assumes this elaborate display is costly. The evidence for an energetic cost to begging has, however, been equivocal. Metabolic studies on nestling birds suggest that begging requires minimal energy, but some growth studies have shown that excess begging reduces growth rates. One difficulty in interpreting these results is that metabolic and growth studies have each been performed on different species. Here, we test whether high begging frequencies depress growth in nestling tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor, a species in which the metabolic cost of begging has been measured. When we compared the growth of nestlings stimulated to beg at either high or low frequencies, we found no significant differences in their mass gained, wing growth or portion of ingested energy devoted to begging either during the experimental period or in the 24 h following the end of the experiment. We also found no significant relationship between begging intensity and growth measurements. The results of our study are consistent with previous metabolic studies on this species suggesting that the energetic cost of begging is relatively low. More generally, evidence for a fitness cost of begging via decreased growth is equivocal.Communicated by J. Dickinson 相似文献
8.
A general and intuitive prediction from models of mate preference is that when the cost of searching for mates increases,
individuals should become less choosy. Here, we test this prediction by comparing the mating propensity of females in two
populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria. The populations originated from southern Sweden and Madeira and due to different adult emergence patterns throughout the
year, the average density of males per female is likely to be lower on Madeira. Therefore, we expected that the cost of searching
should be greater on Madeira and, consequently, that the Madeiran females should be less choosy. In line with predictions,
the Madeiran females mated significantly sooner after the first interaction with males than did females from southern Sweden.
This difference may reflect a weaker preference for territorial males over non-territorial patrollers in the Madeiran population,
because of the greater costs of searching. The Madeiran females also showed a shorter time lag between mating and the start
of oviposition. We discuss this unexpected result and propose that the same mechanism could also explain this population difference,
i.e. different costs of searching for suitable host plants. Both search processes are fundamental for female reproductive
success and we find it plausible that they can be generalised into the same theory of optimal search behaviour.
Received: 14 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 13 December 1998 相似文献
9.
J.?MartínEmail author P.?López W.?E.?CooperJr. 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,54(5):505-510
Because time spent in refuge may be costly if prey lose opportunities to forage, fight, or mate, prey allow predators to approach closer before beginning to flee when opportunity costs are high. Because the same opportunity costs may apply to refuge use as to escape, prey should make similar trade-offs between risk of emerging and cost of remaining in refuge. In the Iberian rock lizard, Lacerta monticola, we studied the effects of sex, reproductive season, speed of predator approach, and potential loss of mating opportunities on time spent in refuge following simulated predatory attacks. Lizards of both sexes adjusted refuge use to the level of risk by spending more time in refuge when approached rapidly than slowly. Females remained in refuge for equal times in the mating and postreproductive seasons, but males emerged sooner during the mating season, suggesting adjustment to a cost of lost opportunity to search for mates during the mating season. When a tethered female was nearby, males emerged from refuge earlier than if no female was present, indicating a trade-off between risk and mating opportunity. Approach speed affected emergence time when females were absent, but not when a female was present. Approach speed did not affect the probability that, after emerging, a male would return to court the female. For males that courted females intensely (bit them) before entering refuge, approach speed did not affect latency to emerge, but males that courted less intensely emerged sooner if approached slowly than rapidly. These findings show that males adjust the length of time spent in refuge to both risk of predation and reproductive cost of refuge use.Communicated by A. Mathis 相似文献
10.
P. Neuhaus 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(1):75-83
I studied reproductive costs in the female Columbian ground squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus) using individually marked animals. I compared weight changes during the active season and over winter, and mortality for
females that did and did not wean young. Females raising young were heavier at emergence in that spring than unsuccessful
ones. Females that did not raise young gained more weight during summer, were heavier than successful females at the time
of entry into hibernation, and were heavier emerging from hibernation the following spring. Over-winter mortality was higher
for females that reared young compared to reproductively unsuccessful females. A food supplementation experiment showed that
energy-rich food can accelerate individuals’ weight gain. Interactions between litter size, birth weight, weight at emergence
from the natal burrow, survival of young to yearling age, and maternal fitness were also studied. Litter sizes were experimentally
manipulated to evaluate how females cope with costs of rearing one additional young. Birth weight of juveniles was positively
correlated with survival to emergence from the natal burrow and with survival to yearling age. Partial litter loss was higher
in experimentally enlarged litters than in either experimentally decreased or control litters. Total litter loss, survival
of adult females or the probability of weaning young the following year were not affected by the litter size manipulation.
Females appear to adjust the size of their litter before birth, and to some extent during lactation, to their ability to wean
young.
Received: 20 January 2000 / Received in revised form: 12 March 2000 / Accepted: 18 March 2000 相似文献