Quantitative assessment of tidal wetlands using remote sensing

Effective management of tidal wetlands requires periodic data on the boundaries, extent, and condition of the wetlands. In many states, wetlands are defined wholly, or in combination with other criteria, by the presence of particular emergent halophytic plants. Many important characteristics of the wetlands ecosystem are related directly to the production of emergent plant material or may be inferred from knowledge of the distribution of emergent plant species. Remote-sensing techniques have been applied to mapping of the distribution of wetland vegetation but not to quantitative evaluation of the condition of that vegetation.Recent research in the tidal wetlands of Delaware and elsewhere has shown that spectral canopy reflectance properties can be quantitatively related to the emergent green biomass ofSpartina alterniflora (salt marsh cord grass) throughout the peak growing season (April through September, in Delaware). Periodic measurements of this parameter could be applied to calculations of net aerial primary productivity for large areas ofS. alterniflora marsh in which conventional harvest techniques may be prohibitively time consuming. The method is species specific and, therefore, requires accurate discrimination ofS. alterniflora from other vegetation types. Observed seasonal changes in species spectral signatures are shown to have potential for improving multispectral categorization of tidal wetland vegetation types.     

Composting of vinasse and cotton gin waste by using two different systems

Two composts were obtained by co-composting of a concentrated depotassified beet vinasse and cotton gin waste using two different aeration systems: static aerated pile (forced aeration provided by a blower whom operated in the positive mode) and windrow (turned pile). The composting mixtures were cotton gin trash (55%) and vinasse (45%) (dry weight). In static pile, the total amount of vinasse was added at the beginning of the process whereas, in windrow two additions of vinasse were performed. Differences in temperature changes between both composting systems were found: a faster increase of temperature in the windrow (54 °C at 7 days) than in the static pile (45 °C at 21 days) was observed. Probably in the static pile system, the compaction of the substrates made difficult the correct distribution of the air inside the pile. Moreover, after the second addition of vinasse a new thermophilic phase was started in windrow. The different aeration systems and the way of addition of vinasse could cause differences in organic matter (OM) degradation and in weight (22.6% for the static pile and 26.7% for the windrow) and gas losses during the process. Nevertheless, the composts obtained by the two systems had a high fertilizer value (25.1 g kg⁻¹ N; 3.2 g kg⁻¹ P₂O₅; 21.4 g kg⁻¹ K₂O; C/N8) for compost obtained in static pile and (16.2 g kg⁻¹ N; 3.4 g kg⁻¹ P₂O₅; 16.1 g kg⁻¹ K₂O; C/N 12) for compost obtained in the windrow). A high degree of stability was reached in the final composts. Composting of vinasse with cotton gin waste serves two objectives, disposal of wastes and recycling of waste components.     

重庆市四面山4种森林群落面源污染控制功能分析

以重庆市四面山4种森林群落为研究对象,选取林冠截留率、林地土壤毛管孔隙度、林地土壤非毛管孔隙度和林地0～20 cm土壤抗冲刷系数为分析指标,运用灰色关联度法对4种森林群落的面源污染控制功能进行研究.结果表明:在4种森林群落中作为天然林的楠竹林灰关联度值最大为0.887 7,面源污染控制功能最好,其次是人工阔叶林(0.7794)和人工混交林(0.6992),人工针叶林(0.636 1)面源污染防控能力相对较弱.在人工林方面,阔叶林灰关联度值最大为0.7794,面源污染防控能力最好,其次是针阔混交林(0.699 2),针叶林灰关联度值最低为0.636 1,其面源污染防控能力较弱.     

Tree Ontogeny and Its Reflection in the Structure and Dynamics of Plant and Soil Covers

Based on the results of our own long-term experiments and the analysis of published data, the process of individual development (ontogeny) of trees and the parameters of ontogenetic stages are described. Changes in the environment-forming (edificatory) role of a tree in the course of ontogeny and upon its completion are characterized. The performance of this role leads to the formation of the following components of biogeocenosis heterogeneity: phytogenic fields of trees, gaps in the tree canopy, and windfall–soil complexes. The data concerning the interrelation of structural transformations of the plant and soil covers in the course of forest vegetation and soil formation on the primary substrate are reviewed.     

冠层辐射温度对冬小麦生态系统碳通量的影响

用箱式法在太原盆地对冬小麦的碳通量进行了两年的测定,对比分析了气温(T_a)、土壤温度(T_s)和冠层辐射温度(T_c)的日、季节变化与冬小麦碳通量日、季节变化的关系.结果表明,在日、季节尺度上T_c与T_a具有较好的一致性,相关系数在0.90以上;日尺度上,净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)、总初级生产力(GPP)、生态系统呼吸(Reco)与T_s的相关系数在绝大部分测定日都小于与T_a和T_c的相关系数,但它们与T_a和T_c的相关系数差异不大;季节尺度上,冬小麦的GPP、NEE和Reco与3个温度(T_a、T_s和T_c)都呈显著的二次抛物线关系.生态系统光合作用的最适温度T_c略低于T_a的,差异约1℃左右.Reco与T_a的关系均好于与T_s的关系,与T_c、T_a关系的决定系数差异不大(0.95~0.96).研究结果可以为基于遥感方式观测的冠层辐射温度在估算碳通量中的应用提供依据.     

棉花阴燃和明火燃烧特性的对比研究

利用锥形量热仪,选取不同辐射强度,分别在使用和不使用点火器条件下,对棉花进行了热辐射引燃实验,发现在热辐射强度大于6kW/m2的情况下,使用点火器时棉花发生明火燃烧,不使用点火器时棉花发生阴燃燃烧。实验分别测得了在两种燃烧形式下的引燃时间、热释放速率、质量损失速率一氧化碳生成率,结果表明:无论是发生阴燃还是明火燃烧,引燃时间均随着辐射强度的增加而减小,且引燃时间平方根的倒数与辐射强度成线性关系;热释放速率、质量损失速率的峰值和平均值均随辐射强度的增加而增加,但在同一辐射强度下,明火燃烧的峰值和均值均比阴燃燃烧时的大;明火燃烧的一氧化碳平均生成率随着辐射强度的增加而减小,阴燃燃烧的一氧化碳平均生成率随着辐射强度的增加而增加。     

培养温度对好氧法处理棉浆黑液的影响分析

对不同浓度的棉浆黑液分别在高温和中温条件下进行了好氧培养,并考察了各种COD的降解情况。结果表明：温度对棉浆黑液好氧处理的各种COD去除效果影响较大。对于低浓度棉浆黑液（CODtot≤10000mg／L）,30℃时,随着培养时间的延长,各种COD持续下降,CODtot和CODcol去除率最大分别可达55．7％和100％;而50℃时,CODtot去除率最高只能达到35．4％,且CODss和CODcol波动很大;对于高浓度棉浆黑液（CODtot≥10000mg／L）,中温条件更有利于好氧活性污泥发挥生物降解作用     

生长条件对苔藓硫含量和硫同位素组成指示大气硫沉降的影响

对相同大气沉降和土壤背景但生长条件不同的苔藓w（S）和δ（34S）进行了分析. 土生苔藓w（S）高于石生苔藓,表明土壤对苔藓w（S）指示大气硫沉降有影响. 受树冠遮挡的苔藓w（S）偏低反映了树冠吸收会削弱冠下的大气硫输入,而不同类型树冠对大气硫的截留吸收程度不同,这可能是造成树冠下方苔藓w（S）存在差异的主要原因,但随树冠厚度变化无明显规律.石生苔藓δ（34S）与大气硫δ（34S）吻合,而土生苔藓δ（34S）明显受土壤硫的影响而偏正. 此外,树冠下苔藓δ（34S）偏高还与树冠吸收大气硫的过程中发生34S歧视有关,苔藓δ（34S）随树冠厚度增加而偏正,进一步证实了树冠的长期吸收会使沉降到树冠下的大气硫源δ（34S）偏正. 因此,受生长条件歪曲了的苔藓w（S）和δ（34S）不能用于解释大气硫沉降的变化和来源,开阔地的石生苔藓比土生苔藓和受树冠遮挡的苔藓更具有大气指示意义.      

甘蔗不同叶位叶片形态与冠层特征的关系

利用CI-100数字植物冠层分析仪和CI-203叶面积分析仪测定了4个甘蔗品种不同叶位层的冠层参数和相应叶位叶片的形态特征，结果表明：不同基因型不同叶位层问叶片形态、冠层空间结构和冠层辐射特征存在显著差异，不同叶位层叶面积指数、叶簇倾角和叶分布的变化主要由冠层内不同叶位叶片叶宽的变化引起，而不同叶位层消光系数的变化主要与叶簇倾角和叶分布有关；散射光透过系数的变化主要与叶面积指数、叶簇倾角和叶分布有关，直射光透过系数的变化主要与叶分布、叶宽、长宽比有关，光合有效辐射的变化与叶面积指数、叶面积、叶宽、长宽比有关．研究结果同时表明，叶片形态与冠层辐射特征存在显著的典型相关关系．图2表4参15。     

Gaseous mercury fluxes from the forest floor of the Adirondacks

The flux of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg⁰) from the forest floor of the Adirondack Mountains in New York (USA) was measured numerous times throughout 2005 and 2006 using a polycarbonate dynamic flux chamber (DFC). The Hg flux ranged between −2.5 and 27.2 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ and was positively correlated with temperature and solar radiation. The measured Hg emission flux was highest in spring, and summer, and lowest in winter. During leaf-off periods, the Hg emission flux was highly dependent on solar radiation and less dependent on temperature. During leaf-on periods, the Hg emission flux was fairly constant because the forest canopy was shading the forest floor. Two empirical models were developed to estimate yearly Hg⁰ emissions, one for the leaf-off period and one for the leaf-on period. Using the U.S. EPA's CASTNET meteorological data, the cumulative estimated emission flux was approx. 7.0 μg Hg⁰ m⁻² year⁻¹.