夏玉米冠层内PAR截获及FPAR与LAI的关系

论文通过对河北栾城地区夏玉米生长期内晴天和昙天冠层中PAR的观测,研究了入射PAR、玉米冠层的反射PAR、透过玉米冠层到达地表的PAR、地表的反射PAR、地表反射率、玉米冠层吸收的PAR(APAR)、玉米冠层的反射率及地表反射率的日变化情况;根据冠层中各PAR分量计算出一天中各时刻的PAR吸收系数(FPAR)和日平均值,发现从玉米拔节期到灌浆期FPAR和叶面积指数(LAI)之间有很好的线性关系,其相关系数达0.994。     

太白山红桦林林隙特征的研究

对太白山红桦林林隙的一般特征和干扰状况进行了初步研究,分析了植被中林隙的数量、类型及成因,并对林隙形成木的类型、数量、物种构成和径级结构做了分析.结果表明,太白山红桦林林隙以自然立枯形成的最多;林隙线状密度为23.5个/km;冠空隙面积在20～80m2范围内的最多,冠空隙总面积占整个林分面积的4.7%;扩展林隙的面积在50～100m2范围内的最多,占整个林分的11.9%;林隙的形成木以红桦为主,径级在20～40cm范围内的占绝大部分;在太白山红桦林中,大多数的林隙由1～3株林隙形成木形成,其中单株形成木形成的林隙最多,每个林隙的林隙形成木平均为1.51株;林隙的腐烂等级为C级的分布较多;冠空隙径高比多分布在0.30～0.45之间,扩展林隙径高比多分布在0.60～0.80之间;林隙内幼苗主要有红桦、华山松,在大面积的林隙内红桦幼苗占绝对优势.图1表5参26     

杉木人工林不同经营模式树冠的分形特征

对杉木纯林、杉木拟赤杨混交林、杉木观光木混交林的不同树种冠幅的分形维数进行计算和比较 .结果表明 :杉木观光木混交林中杉木种群冠幅分形维数 >杉木拟赤杨混交林中杉木种群冠幅分形维数 >杉木纯林冠幅分形维数 ;杉木观光木混交林中观光木种群冠幅分形维数 >杉木拟赤杨混交林中拟赤杨种群冠幅分形维数 .说明杉木混交林种间竞争小 ,而杉木种内竞争激烈 ,同时杉木同观光木之间的种间竞争小于杉木同拟赤杨之间的种间竞争 .图 4表 2参 16     

林冠特征对城市森林斑块消减空气PM2.5质量浓度的影响

研究城市森林斑块消减空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力,以及这种能力的主要影响因素,对改善城市空气环境具有重要的意义.本研究测定了南昌市典型城市森林斑块消减PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力(PM_(2.5)AC),并分析了PM_(2.5)AC对城市森林斑块林分组成、冠层特征的响应.研究表明:南昌市城市森林斑块具有显著消减空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力,其中针叶林斑块PM_(2.5)AC最高,达到9.15%,阔叶纯林最低3.82%;整体上春季PM_(2.5)AC最高,达到7.34%,冬季最低3.76%.城市森林斑块PM_(2.5)AC与林冠特征中的LAI(叶面积指数)显著正相关,与DIFN(天空开度)显著负相关,与斑块特征中的斑块面积、林分结构、斑块总叶面积显著正相关.通过综合分析,城市森林斑块总叶面积是主导PM_(2.5)AC的主要影响因素.     

棉布厚度对辐射式电暖器引燃能力影响研究

实验研究了棉布厚度对辐射式电暖器的引燃能力影响情况。实验用电暖器上加热管向外辐射热通量占电器功率之间的比例(辐射率η值)为65%。辐射式电暖器可以使棉布发生阴燃燃烧,当单面工作功率为400 W的电暖器紧贴棉布且全过程全覆盖的前提下棉布阴燃的临界厚度在0.18 mm～0.48 mm之间,当棉布厚度超过0.48 mm时将发生阴燃,但薄棉布通常难以直接发生有焰燃烧。对于用棉布开始阴燃时间表征的电暖器引燃能力,随着棉布厚度的增大,电暖器对棉布的引燃能力将减弱。     

山区高速公路空间郁闭度对驾驶员视觉及生理指标的影响

为了解高速公路空间郁闭度对驾驶员视觉行为和心理状态的影响规律,在山区高速公路开展室外实车试验,采用Dikablis眼镜式眼动仪和Varioport生理记录仪记录了驾驶员的眼动和生理数据,包括注视时间百分比、平均注视时间、扫视幅度、眨眼率、心电、心率、皮电等。结果表明,随空间郁闭度增加,驾驶员皮电和扫视幅度增大,眨眼率和平均注视持续时间减小,视点越来越集中。随着驾驶员的逐渐适应,空间环境对驾驶员的心理影响逐渐减弱。驾驶员主要关注中间靠左区域,目标物为中央分隔带和前方道路。开敞空间下驾驶员对右侧区域有少量关注。半郁闭空间下驾驶员皮电呈现规律性的波动,对于左侧区域的关注明显增多,对右侧区域的注视持续时间较长,视点集中点更远。     

A Small‐Scale Land‐Sparing Approach to Conserving Biological Diversity in Tropical Agricultural Landscapes

Two contrasting strategies have been proposed for conserving biological diversity while meeting the increasing demand for agricultural products: land sparing and land sharing production systems. Land sparing involves increasing yield to reduce the amount of land needed for agriculture, whereas land‐sharing agricultural practices incorporate elements of native ecosystems into the production system itself. Although the conservation value of these systems has been extensively debated, empirical studies are lacking. We compared bird communities in shade coffee, a widely practiced land‐sharing system in which shade trees are maintained within the coffee plantation, with bird communities in a novel, small‐scale, land‐sparing coffee‐production system (integrated open canopy or IOC coffee) in which farmers obtain higher yields under little or no shade while conserving an area of forest equal to the area under cultivation. Species richness and diversity of forest‐dependent birds were higher in the IOC coffee farms than in the shade coffee farms, and community composition was more similar between IOC coffee and primary forest than between shade coffee and primary forest. Our study represents the first empirical comparison of well‐defined land sparing and land sharing production systems. Because IOC coffee farms can be established by allowing forest to regenerate on degraded land, widespread adoption of this system could lead to substantial increases in forest cover and carbon sequestration without compromising agricultural yield or threatening the livelihoods of traditional small farmers. However, we studied small farms (<5 ha); thus, our results may not generalize to large‐scale land‐sharing systems. Furthermore, rather than concluding that land sparing is generally superior to land sharing, we suggest that the optimal approach depends on the crop, local climate, and existing land‐use patterns. Un Método para Reservar Tierras a Pequeña Escala para Conservar la Biodiversidad en Paisajes Agrícolas Tropicales     

Acceleration of Exotic Plant Invasion in a Forested Ecosystem by a Generalist Herbivore

Abstract: The successful invasion of exotic plants is often attributed to the absence of coevolved enemies in the introduced range (i.e., the enemy release hypothesis). Nevertheless, several components of this hypothesis, including the role of generalist herbivores, remain relatively unexplored. We used repeated censuses of exclosures and paired controls to investigate the role of a generalist herbivore, white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), in the invasion of 3 exotic plant species (Microstegium vimineum, Alliaria petiolata, and Berberis thunbergii) in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests in New Jersey and Pennsylvania (U.S.A.). This work was conducted in 10 eastern hemlock (T. canadensis) forests that spanned gradients in deer density and in the severity of canopy disturbance caused by an introduced insect pest, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). We used maximum likelihood estimation and information theoretics to quantify the strength of evidence for alternative models of the influence of deer density and its interaction with the severity of canopy disturbance on exotic plant abundance. Our results were consistent with the enemy release hypothesis in that exotic plants gained a competitive advantage in the presence of generalist herbivores in the introduced range. The abundance of all 3 exotic plants increased significantly more in the control plots than in the paired exclosures. For all species, the inclusion of canopy disturbance parameters resulted in models with substantially greater support than the deer density only models. Our results suggest that white‐tailed deer herbivory can accelerate the invasion of exotic plants and that canopy disturbance can interact with herbivory to magnify the impact. In addition, our results provide compelling evidence of nonlinear relationships between deer density and the impact of herbivory on exotic species abundance. These findings highlight the important role of herbivore density in determining impacts on plant abundance and provide evidence of the operation of multiple mechanisms in exotic plant invasion.     

红壤丘陵区冬季大气湿沉降化学特征及森林冠层对其截留作用机制

通过对亚热带千烟洲流域的冬季湿沉降化学特征及森林穿透雨进行研究,揭示亚热带流域森林冠层对大气湿沉降中的营养元素(C、N、P、S)及金属元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg、Al、Fe、Mn、Zn)的截留与作用机制.结果表明:1亚热带丘陵区冬季大气湿沉降以酸沉降为主,p H变化范围在3.49~7.0之间,冬季酸沉降离子中以SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-为主,其月平均沉降通量分别为4.68 kg·hm~(-2)和0.36 kg·hm~(-2),痕量金属元素中以Zn、K、Ca沉降为主,其沉降通量分别为1.72、0.56、0.36 kg·hm~(-2);2森林林冠对溶解性有机碳(DOC)、溶解性总氮(DTN)、总磷(TP)以及痕量元素Ca、Mg、Mn有明显的截留与离释作用,离释百分比达到64.69%、206.75%、301.38%、137.94%、405.25%、1 226.60%;而对Zn、SO2-4具有很好的吸收作用,吸收百分比为73.50%和12.51%,显著降低了亚热带流域冬季酸沉降对土壤生态系统的危害.     

A pilot study on the effect of Cu,Zn, and Cd on the spectral curves and chlorophyll of wheat canopy at tiller stage

The aim of this study was to investigate canopy spectral reflectance responses to different levels of heavy metals copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) induced stress. Random blocks design experiment was conducted to simulate Cu, Zn, and Cd at five concentration levels. Chlorophyll and visible and near infrared canopy reflectance were measured for each treatment 56 days after seeding using chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 and spectroradiometer, respectively. New vegetative indices termed ratio of inclination angles (RIA), MERIS (the medium resolution imaging spectrometer) terrestrial chlorophyll index (MTCI), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used to assess the response of canopy spectral reflectance to different heavy metal levels. Significant spectral variability especially in blue, red, and near infrared reflectance was observed for different heavy metal treatments. One-sample test showed significant difference for NDVI, MTCI, and RIA among five-level treatments at the 0.01 level. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the two vegetative indices (RIA and MTCI) were significantly correlated with chlorophyll meter values for Cd, Cu, and Zn treatments. However, NDVI was only significantly correlated with chlorophyll meter values for Cu and Zn treatments. Linear regression analysis also illustrated that RIA and MTCI were potential indices for predicting chlorophyll concentration with significant F test under Cu-, Zn-, and Cd-mediated stress.