雾灵山低山区油松林物种多样性初探

文章以河北省兴隆县雾灵山低山地区人工油松林为研究对象,采用植物群落样地调查法,对不同郁闭度的人工油松林样地灌木层和草本层群落的种类组成状况进行了观察和调查,并通过总优势度、Simpson指数、种间相遇概率等指标来探讨不同郁闭度下的油松林植物群落的物种多样性特点,以分析油松林郁闭度对其林下群落结构和物种丰富度的影响。结果表明在油松的郁闭作用下,林下灌木层植物密集,种类丰富,物种多样性高,而草本层植物稀疏,种类贫乏,物种多样性低;随着油松郁闭度的增加,灌木层物种多样性升高,草本层物种多样性有降低的趋势。     

基于遥感的千烟洲人工林蒸散及其组分模拟研究

论文通过改进遥感蒸散模型的关键参数,结合遥感数据和气象观测数据,对2003—2008年江西千烟洲人工林生态系统蒸散及其组分进行模拟,并利用涡度相关技术获取的蒸散实测数据对模型模拟结果进行验证和评价。结果表明:①年均蒸散总量模拟值比实测值偏低2.4%,决定系数与均方根误差分别为0.83和0.61 mm·d^-1。②土壤蒸发、林冠截留蒸发和植被蒸腾分别占总蒸散量的12%、23%和65%。其中,土壤蒸发季节及年际变化相对稳定;林冠截留蒸发季节变化明显且在不同年份差异较大;植被蒸腾季节变化明显,但年际变异较小。③1—3月植被光合作用较弱,植被蒸腾与蒸散比小于30%。随着植被蒸腾的增强,从4月开始植被蒸腾与蒸散比迅速增加,在生长旺季(7月底)可达到约90%。由于该模型所需数据在区域尺度较易获取,从而为开展区域尺度中亚热带人工林生态系统蒸散及其组分模拟提供方法支撑。     

Turbulent kinetic energy budgets in a model canopy: comparisons between LES and wind-tunnel experiments

A comparative study of turbulence in a wind-tunnel model canopy is performed, using Large eddy simulation (LES) and experimental data from PIV and hot-wire anemometry measurements. The model canopy is composed of thin cylindrical stalks. In the LES, these are represented using a plant-scale approach, while the scale-dependent Lagrangian dynamic model is used as subgrid-scale model. LES predictions of turbulence statistics and energy spectra are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budgets from the LES simulation are analyzed to provide more information absent in the measurements. Results confirm that sloshing motions at the low levels of the canopy are mainly driven by pressure fluctuations. A difference between the energy flux obtained from the energy spectrum and the SGS dissipation rate is observed, consistent with a spectral bypass mechanism in which the real spectral flux due to cascade is smaller than that implied by the energy-spectrum level, due to direct drain by the canopy.     

Interactions of Atmospheric Deposition with Coniferous Canopies in Estonia

Throughfall and open field bulk precipitation were measured at three coniferous sites during 1995–2002 in the framework of ICP Integrated Monitoring and at five coniferous sites during 1996–2002 in the framework of ICP Forests (Level II). The coniferous canopies acted as a sink for nitrate and ammonium and as a source for base cations: Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺. The estimated share of SO₄–S dry deposition from total deposition was 1.5–4 times higher for dormant period compared to growing period. During the study period average annual throughfall and bulk deposition of SO₄–S decreased significantly, 2.8 and 2.3 times, respectively. Throughfall enrichment with base cations increased in the order Mg < Na < Ca < K. Using Na as a tracer ion, average dry deposition and canopy leaching were calculated. Leaching was the dominant process for TF enrichment by potassium. Leaching of base cations occurred during growing as well as dormant period. The calculated internal flux of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ varied in the range of 0.6–2.0 and 0.6–1.2 kg ha⁻¹ per year in spruce and pine stands, respectively. The internal circulation of K⁺ was significantly higher (8.9–10.9 kg ha⁻¹ per year) in spruce stands than in pine stands (2.7–4.4 kg ha⁻¹ per year).     

利用植被供水指数法监测干旱的研究

利用FY-1D/AVHRR数据通道1、2的反射率计算植被指数和通道4、5的亮温计算作物冠层温度,进而求出植被供水指数可监测干旱状况.本文简单介绍了利用FY-1D/AVHRR数据植被供水指数法监测生长季的干旱状况.研究表明,该方法所得结果从总体趋势看,与实际情况基本吻合.因此,植被供水指数法适用于生长季大范围的干旱监测.     

上海居住区植物群落的降温增湿效应

对上海居住区常见的23种植物群落的降温增湿效应进行观测的结果表明,所有植物群落都有降温增湿作用,且群落间降温增湿效应差异较大.各群落的降温增湿效应在13∶ 00-14∶ 00最强,与草坪之间的差异达到最大;在16∶ 00-17∶ 00,各群落间降温增湿效应差异小,18%的植物群落降温效应低于草坪,45%的植物群落增湿效应低于草坪.针叶林、针阔混交林和竹林的降温增湿效应最强,日均降温效应>2.3 ℃,日均增湿效应>12.4%.     

Probability law of concentration in plumes dispersing in an urban area

The relationships between various normalized higher-order concentration moments in plumes dispersing in a built-up (urban) environment have been investigated using a large concentration data set obtained in a boundary-layer water channel. This data set consists of measurements of plume dispersion in a number of idealized obstacle arrays (e.g., cubical and non-cubical obstacles in aligned and staggered arrangements with uniform, random and alternating heights). A remarkably robust feature of all the concentration data was the observed collapse of the third- and fourth-order normalized concentration moments on the second-order normalized concentration moment. The data are shown to collapse to a series of universal curves (independent of the geometry of the obstacle array) and these curves were found to be identical to those observed previously for open-terrain plumes. The results imply that the probability law of concentration in a plume dispersing in either a built-up environment or open terrain has a universal form that can be specified by at most two independent parameters. The universal functions representing the relationships between the normalized concentration moments were found to be well modeled (approximated) using a two-parameter clipped-gamma probability law for the concentration. Finally, the clipped-gamma distribution was found to be in very good conformance with the measured probability distribution of concentration for plumes dispersing in a built-up environment.     

南亚热带常绿阔叶林林冠层附生植物及其宿主叶片的形态解剖特征

选择南亚热带常绿阔叶林中具有代表性的4种林冠层附生植物：白背瓜馥木（Fissistigma glaucescens）、瓜子金（Dischidia chinensis）、蔓九节（Psychotria serpens）、山蒌（Piper hancei）及其主要宿主植物：厚壳桂（Cryptocaryachinensis）、荷木（Schimasuperba）、华润楠（Machilus chinensis）、锥栗（Castanopsis chinensis）为研究对象,对其叶片形态结构和解剖结构特征进行比较。研究结果表明：宿主植物与附生植物的叶片形态结构差异显著。相对于4种宿主植物,4种附生植物叶片无蜡被,比叶面积大,且具有含水量高,上下表皮厚度增加,气孔密度、气孔面积减少等特征,有利于叶片对水分和养分的吸收、贮存和利用。着生在林冠层不同部位的附生植物的叶片形态结构特征随着光合有效辐射、温度、湿度等微环境因子的变化表现出显著的差异：位于冠层顶部的瓜子金和蔓九节叶片小而厚,含水量高,气孔密度低且覆盖角质膜,更适应冠层顶部高温、低湿、高光照的环境;位于冠层下部的白背瓜馥木和山蒌叶片相对较薄,气孔面积较大,叶肉细胞分化明显,海绵组织排列松散,更适应冠层中下部低温、高湿、弱光照环境。变化的叶片结构是植物适应环境条件的重要表现。     

WIND DRIVEN RAIN DISTRIBUTIONS AROUND STREET CANOPIES1

ABSTRACT: Wind driven raindrop tracking is used to investigate the microscale redistribution of wind driven rainfalls in street canopies by combining a Eulerian wind flow model and a Lagrangian raindrop tracking model. The former conducts large eddy simulations of the turbulent flows in street canopies, and the latter performs raindrop trajectory calculations by releasing a large number of raindrops into the computational domain. The wind speed model is verified with available wind tunnel measurement. Twenty sets of simulations are carried out for various building configurations and driving rain angles. The simulated results show that the trajectories of smaller raindrops are more slanting and more influenced by the multibuilding perturbed flow field. Impingement of raindrops on the building envelope increases from bottom to top. The height of the front building is a significant factor affecting wind driven rain redistribution. Distinct nonuniform spatial rainfall distributions are found for scenarios with high building configurations and low driving rain angles. The simulated results are further integrated to assess the effect of real raindrop size distributions by weighing the volumetric fraction of a range of drop sizes. There is about 10 percent variation in spatial extent of street canopies. An overall 5 to 17.4 percent increase of the rainfall amount in the upwind zone is observed.     

利用微气象测定仪MINCER分析热害条件下的水稻冠层微气象特征

采用模型模拟水稻热害过程及其可能的产量损失是水稻耐高温研究的重要一环,但较精确地测定水稻冠层的微气象条件还存在诸多困难。采用最新研制的水稻冠层微气象测定仪Mincer实地测定法研究了水稻花期热害受害下的冠层微气象特征,并将相关数据与邻近国家基本气象观测站的数据比较,从而形成了水稻冠层、水稻田田面上部(距田面2倍株高,约1.9m)和空旷地(距地面1.5m)等的对比。结果表明,供试品种受到花期热害后,结实率降低4.0%,达到显著受害水平。在此条件下,日平均气温值由水稻田冠层、水稻田上部与空旷地相比依次升高,水稻冠层与水稻田上部的温度值一般分别比空旷地低2.05、0.92℃,且在连续高温的部分时段出现冠层温度的异常升高;相对湿度值反之,由冠层内部、水稻田上部与空旷地依次降低,水稻冠层与水稻田上部的相对湿度值分别比空旷地低高14.55%、5.97%(绝对值)。此外,高温天气下开花前后水稻田上部与冠层温湿度差的变化幅度都小于常温天气,且出现的时间段早于常温。这些结果,对设定水稻高温受害鉴定条件、模拟水稻高温受害过程均具有重要指导意义。