外源添加Fe2+对生物沥浸处理制革污泥的影响

利用嗜酸性硫杆菌复合菌群,通过摇瓶试验对制革污泥进行生物沥浸,研究了在以硫粉作为底物的基础上,添加不同量的Fe2+对污泥生物沥浸效果的影响.结果表明,在制革污泥生物沥浸处理中,外源添加Fe2+虽有助于加快生物酸化进程,特别是在pH>2的阶段该作用较为明显,但由于也促进了羟基硫酸高铁沉淀的生成,导致已溶出的Cr3+部分被重新固持,因此,在制革污泥生物沥浸中外源加Fe2+促进Cr溶出的效果并不明显.此外,外源添加Fe2+在较小程度上可降低污泥的比阻值.从而使污泥更易脱水.但Fe2+不同添加量之间差异较小.综合考虑药剂成本和处理效率,在制革污泥生物沥浸中添加Fe2+对大幅度加快Cr溶出速率和显著提高污泥脱水性并没有理想效果.     

序批式活性污泥法处理毛皮废水的研究

采用序批式活性污泥法处理毛皮模拟废水的试验条件为：水温２０℃,ＤＯ２ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＣＯＤｃｒ１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＢＯＤ５ ９００ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＭＬＳＳ ２１００ｍｇ／Ｌ增至２６００ｍｇ／Ｌ左右,试验结果表明,采用限制曝气方式运行的序批式活性污泥系统最不易发生污泥膨胀。     

电解对氯苯酚稀水溶液中脱氯降解机理研究

利用石墨电极进行了多种条件下对氯苯酚水溶液的电解研究。研究结果表明,CODCr去除率和脱氯率随电压的升高呈先升高后下降的趋势、随对氯苯酚质量浓度的升高呈指数下降、随溶液pH的升高而升高。碱性条件下电解效果明显优于中性和酸性条件。在电压为10V,pH≈12,电解100mg L的对氯苯酚溶液2h后,CODCr去除率可达52 94%,脱氯率达52 8%。由脉冲辐解瞬态吸收光谱可知,中性、酸性条件下降解机制均为OH·自由基的作用,经过瞬态分子OH-adducts(OH加合物)的中间产物进一步氧化降解;碱性条件下通过OH·自由基和对氯苯酚氧基负离子的阳极直接失电子氧化作用2种降解机制,经过瞬态分子氯代酚氧自由基中间产物氧化降解对氯苯酚,产物分析结果显示生成了对苯二酚和苯醌等中间产物。      

铁屑对低浓度含铬地下水的处理研究

以某铬渣污染场地上抽提上来的低浓度含铬地下水作为实验研究对象。选用铁屑对含铬废水进行处理。通过静态试验考察了影响六价铬去除率的因素:pH、铁屑用量、反应时间,得到了较好的反应工艺参数。并在静态试验的基础上,用铁屑填充自制的反应柱研究了动态试验的效果。结果表明:六价铬的出水浓度低于0.05 mg/L,达到GB/T 14848-93《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类排放标准。     

Characteristics of the stabilized/solidified municipal solid wastes incineration fly ash and the leaching behavior of Cr and Pb

Fly ash is a hazardous byproduct of municipal solid wastes incineration (MSWI). An alkali activated blast furnace slag-based cementitious material was used to stabilize/solidify the fly ash at experimental level. The characteristics of the stabilized/solidified fly ash, including metal leachability, mineralogical characteristics and the distributions of metals in matrices, were tested by toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) respectively. Continuous acid extraction was utilized to extract metal ions and characterize their leaching behavior. The stabilization/solidification procedure for MSWI fly ash demonstrates a strong fixing capacity for the metals by the formation of C-S-H phase, hydrated calcium aluminosilicate and ettringite. The stabilized/solidified fly ash shows a dense and homogeneous microstructure. Cr is mainly solidified in hydrated calcium aluminosilicate, C-S-H and ettringite phase through physical encapsulation, precipitation, adsorption or substitution mechanisms, and Pb is mainly solidified in C-S-H phase and absorbed in the Si-O structure.     

微生物还原Cr(Ⅵ)的机理研究进展

含铬工业废水排放到环境中会对人体的健康和环境带来严重的危害。其中重金属铬的毒性会随着价态的变化而变化。微生物在代谢过程中可以将Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr(Ⅲ),从而降低Cr(Ⅵ)的毒性。从微生物还原Cr(Ⅵ)的机理类型,相关还原酶的基因特性,可还原Cr(Ⅵ)的微生物,影响还原的因素,Cr(Ⅵ)还原过程中存在的问题及发展前景等方面进行了综述。     

光助纳米铁还原Cr(VI)的研究

采用液相还原法制备了纳米铁,并用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对其晶体结构、形貌特征进行了表征.以Cr(Ⅵ)为模拟污染物,中压汞灯作为光源,考察了不同投加量、不同pH值等条件下光照对纳米铁还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响.结果表明:制备的纳米铁具有很高的反应活性,粒径约为7.6nm,呈球形,可在空气中自燃.在25℃、Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为20mg/L、pH=7±0.5,加入0.1g的纳米铁,光照60min后Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率达到62.3%,而无光照时Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率仅为27.6%,说明光照对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原具有明显的促进作用.当纳米铁投加量较大时,纳米铁对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原速率大于光照对其产生的影响.反应液pH值对Cr(Ⅵ)还原速率的影响较光照对其产生的影响显著.在紫外光的照射下,纳米铁中电荷可能在诱导下作受迫振荡,与吸附分子发生电荷传递是光照促进纳米铁还原Cr(Ⅵ)的主要原因.     

铬渣-煤矸石砖中Cr(Ⅵ)解毒机理研究

铬渣因所含Cr(Ⅵ)具有强氧化性而会对环境造成严重污染.本文采用自养煤矸石砖焙烧技术对铬渣进行无害化治理,对不同铬渣掺量的铬渣-煤矸石砖,进行铬的浸出毒性分析.通过试验得出,除铬渣掺量为15%的砖中六价铬浸出浓度超标外,其余铬的浸出浓度均小于国标规定,铬的解毒率都在95%以上.此技术对Cr的还原解毒为,在高温熔融条件下,煤矸石中的碳及随后产生的CO、H2、CH4等还原性物质与Cr(Ⅵ)化合物发生反应.铬渣、煤矸石及砖的X-粉晶衍射物相分析表明,砖中Cr(Ⅵ)被还原为Cr(Ⅲ)后,以类质同相方式进入辉石、尖晶石、铝硅酸盐等稳定物相,得以固化解毒.因此,还原后Cr的存在形式稳定,可以经受恶劣自然环境而不会重新溶出和造成二次污染,作为建材,可以安全利用.     

Role of the vitamin E model compound Trolox in the prevention of Cr(VI)-induced cellular damage

Given the wide industrial use of chromium (Cr) and its environmental contamination, chromium represents a risk to humans exposed to the metal. Considering that Cr(VI) is a potent oxidizing agent that increases intracellular oxidation and DNA damage, it would be worth considering the pretreatment of cells with antioxidants as a means of preventing Cr(VI)-induced toxicity. The objective of this study was to pretreat yeast cells with the water-soluble vitamin E analogue Trolox in an effort to increase cell tolerance against reactive chromium and reactive oxygen species formed during Cr(VI) reduction. Results revealed a decrease in Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and mitotic gene conversions in Trolox-pretreated cells. The protective effect of Trolox in Cr(VI) induced genotoxicity was confirmed also with the prokaryotic Salmonella typhimurium SOS/umu test. Pretreatment of cells with Trolox (1) increased total Cr bioaccumulation, (2) decreased Cr(VI)-induced intracellular oxidation, (3) decreased Cr(V) persistence and (4) increased OH^? formation in yeast extracts. These findings might be useful in directing future investigations concerning the use of Trolox as a human antioxidant supplement, and in clinical applications related to Cr-induced genotoxicity in occupational and environmental situations where chromium is a problem.     

二氧化钛改性油页岩渣对水溶液中亚甲基蓝和六价铬的吸附

以油页岩渣及其二氧化钛改性材料为吸附剂,探究它们去除水溶液中亚甲基蓝和六价铬的能力.通过实验,控制溶液的pH值、温度、初始浓度和接触时间,观察吸附效果变化特征,研究其动力学和热力学性能.实验表明,改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝和六价铬的吸附率是未改性的2—3倍,且改性油页岩渣对亚甲基蓝的吸附率可达97%,对六价铬的吸附率不到25%.吸附亚甲基蓝时,pH值越大,吸附效果越好;而吸附六价铬时,最适pH值为4.改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝实验符合准二阶动力学方程,计算得反应活化能为13.29 kJ.mol-1,表明此过程主要是物理吸附.在热力学方面,由范特霍夫方程计算得ΔG〈0、ΔH〉0,表明此过程自发吸热,可见此过程还伴有化学吸附.Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型拟合结果表明,Langmuir模型数据拟合甚佳,R2=0.9999,说明改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝是单分子层吸附.二氧化钛改性油页岩渣经7次回收利用后,对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果仅减少约1.5%.