论国际救灾法中的效率原则

在国际救灾过程中,抢救和保护生命、健康、财产、环境的紧迫需要使救援效率成为国际救灾中的首要追求。这一要求必须在救灾法中得到体现。效率原则就是要求重大灾害发生后,国际社会应当以最快的速度提供国际援助,而受灾国则应当尽快地作出救灾响应,在国际救灾人员的签证、工作许可,资金、物资、设备等的建立账户、通关、运输、储存、分发、等...     

Can the green economy enhance sustainable mountain development? The potential role of awareness building

Mountain socio-ecological systems produce valuable but complex ecosystem services resulting from biomes stratified by altitude and gravity. These systems are often managed and shaped by smallholders whose marginalization is exacerbated by uncertainties and a lack of policy attention. Human–environment interfaces in mountains hence require holistic policies. We analyse the potential of the Global Mountain Green Economy Agenda (GMGEA) in building awareness and thus prompting cross-sectoral policy strategies for sustainable mountain development. Considering the critique of the green economy presented at the Rio + 20 conference, we argue that the GMGEA can nevertheless structure knowledge and inform regional institutions about the complexity of mountain socio-ecological systems, a necessary pre-condition to prompt inter-agency collaboration and cross-sectoral policy formulation. After reviewing the content of the GMGEA, we draw on two empirical cases in the Pakistani and Nepali Himalayas. First, we show that lack of awareness has led to a sequence of fragmented interventions with unanticipated, and unwanted, consequences for communities. Second, using a green economy lens, we show how fragmentation could have been avoided and cross-sectoral policies yielded more beneficial results. Project fragmentation reflects disconnected or layered policies by government agencies, which inherently keep specialized agendas and have no incentive to collaborate. Awareness makes agencies more likely to collaborate and adopt cross-sectoral approaches, allowing them to target more beneficiaries, be more visible, and raise more funds. Nevertheless, we also identify four factors that may currently still limit the effect of the GMGEA: high costs of inter-agency collaboration, lack of legitimacy of the green economy, insufficiently-secured smallholder participation, and limited understanding of the mechanisms through which global agendas influence local policy.     

国土空间规划视角下海陆统筹的挑战与路径

通过梳理国内外海陆统筹实践进程和政策演变,界定海陆统筹的基本概念与内涵,在国土空间规划背景下,探讨海陆统筹的关键问题和挑战,并进一步提出海陆统筹的优化路径。研究表明：（1）海陆统筹是一种“流”空间理论思维下面向全域全要素的开发保护战略,通过统一筹划海陆两大系统的资源要素配置、产业联动、生境共治、空间互联和制度互嵌,促进沿海地区协同高效发展,提升生产、生活和生态空间品质。（2）国土空间规划视角下海陆统筹面临的主要问题与挑战包括：海陆空间边界不明晰、海陆经济系统不协调、海陆资源开发与生境保护不统一和海陆空间规划体系不兼容。（3）针对现状问题与挑战,基于空间、经济、生态和管治四个维度,构建全域全要素、分级、分功能的统筹优化路径,以期为沿海地区的海陆协调发展提供借鉴。     

The Four Cs of disaster partnering: communication,cooperation, coordination and collaboration

Public, nonprofit and private organisations respond to large‐scale disasters domestically and overseas. Critics of these assistance efforts, as well as those involved, often cite poor interorganisational partnering as an obstacle to successful disaster response. Observers frequently call for ‘more’ and ‘better’ partnering. We found important qualitative distinctions existed within partnering behaviours. We identified four different types of interorganisational partnering activities often referred to interchangeably: communication, cooperation, coordination and collaboration—the Four Cs. We derived definitions of the Four Cs from the partnering literature. We then tested them in a case study of the response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake. We suggest that the Four Cs are distinct activities, that organisations are typically strong or weak in one or more for various reasons, and that the four terms represent a continuum of increased interorganisational embeddedness in partnering activities.     

杭州市土地资源承载力评价及其协调发展

土地资源承载力是区域协调发展的重要指标,基于驱动力-压力-状态-响应的研究框架构建杭州市土地资源承载力的指标体系,并运用熵权TOSPSIS方法对杭州市2009—2017年土地承载力及其各子系统水平进行评价,同时引用障碍度模型对杭州市土地承载力的障碍因素进行诊断,最后采用耦合协调模型对杭州市承载力子系统内部的耦合协调性进行了研究。结果表明：（1）在2009—2017年杭州市土地资源承载力的评价结果呈波动上升趋势,评价年限内土地承载力整体水平处于中级状态,但距离优质承载力仍有一定的差距;（2）从2009年到2013年,障碍度因素主要集中在驱动力系统和压力系统,2014—2017年,障碍度因素主要集中于状态系统和驱动力系统;（3）在研究区间内杭州市承载力系统整体的耦合协调度较好,但距离优质协调仍有不小的差距,其中承载力系统耦合度总体较高,除2009年处于拮抗级别外,其他年份均处于高水平耦合级别,并且在研究年份内各年的耦合度评价结果均高于耦合协调度评价结果,同时评价区间内系统耦合协调度变化大致呈“初级协调到良好协调再到初级协调”的态势。     

基于农牧民生计资本的干旱区草地适应性管理——以准噶尔北部的富蕴县为例

草地适应性管理是有效解决我国“三牧”（牧业、牧区和牧民）问题的重要路径。论文以准噶尔北部的富蕴县为例,采用系统（分层）抽样、参与性农户评估方法开展农牧户调查,建立生计资本量化指标体系及系统耦合协调度模型,测算农牧户生计资本及其耦合协调度。基于评估结果,提出干旱区草地适应性管理策略。研究表明：1）农牧民过度依赖天然草地放牧,普遍缺乏发展型生计,其生计资本水平低、生计转换能力弱、生计脆弱性高;2）农牧户间同质性较大,5项生计资本间属性分异明显,缺乏牧业合作经济组织,是研究区农牧户生计资本耦合协调度较低的主要原因;3）推进牧民生计多样化,转变牧业生产方式,发展牧区草产业,优化草地生产功能与生态功能的时空配置,有助于增强草地畜牧业人文-自然耦合系统的恢复力/弹性力。因此,加快培育新型职业牧民,加快发展现代草牧业,加快建设良好的农牧民组织,加强草地科学放牧管理,成为干旱区草地适应性管理的迫切任务。     

中部地区资源型城市质量与规模时空差异演化研究——以山西省为例

在“新常态”背景下,山西省作为全国能源重化工基地,其城市面临转型与发展双重压力。通过构建指标测评体系,运用熵值法与协调模型等方法对山西省11个地级市城市质量年均增长率和城市规模年均增长率间协调发展程度的时空格局进行了相关分析。研究表明：1）山西省整体城市规模变异系数较大,而城市质量变异系数较小;且山西省各地级市城市质量、城市规模及其城市综合发展水平时空差异变化明显,在空间上由北向南总体呈“W”型分布格局。2）山西省各地级市在2005—2010年与2010—2014年两个时间序列上,城市质量年均增长率与城市规模年均增长率间的对比关系不确定,即存在城市质量发展速率超过城市规模或城市质量发展速度滞后于城市规模的现象。3）山西省各地级市城市质量年均增长率与城市规模年均增长率间协调发展关系存在着明显的地域空间分异,且在不同时间序列上形成了不同的城市发展主导类型,需因地制宜地分类指导其城市建设。     

The Need for Integrated Linkages and Long-Term Monitoring of Mercury in Canada

A nation-wide ecosystem science network for Canada was formed in 1994. At that time, mercury was a re-emerging issue in Canada and the Coordinating Office for the networksought collaboration to assess the issue. The key mechanismsby which the network has added value in addressing this issue are: 1) Information Dissemination, the network has organised, facilitated and co-hosted a number of regional,national and international mercury events (meetings, conferences and workshops) which have served to bring theexpertise together, the network also disseminates informationon it's web page, and the Coordinating Office hosts an annualNational Science Conference; 2) Collaborative Mercury Monitoring, network partners advocated the need for a singlehemispheric mercury network which resulted in the developmentof a compatible Canada–U.S. mercury deposition network, whichmay also be expanded into Mexico, and 3) Environmental Reporting, the network has collaborated with others to reporton current mercury findings through initiatives such as the 1998 Northeast States and Eastern Canadian Mercury Study, a 1999 Mercury Case Study and is presently a partner in the University of Quebec's proposal to form a Collaborative Mercury Ecosystem Research Network in Canada.     

Ecological Monitoring for Assessing the State of the Nearshore and Open Waters of the Great Lakes

The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement stipulates that the Governments of Canada and the United States are responsible for restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the waters of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem. Due to varying mandates and areas of expertise, monitoring to assess progress towards this objective is conducted by a multitude of Canadian and U.S. federal and provincial/state agencies, in cooperation with academia and regional authorities. This paper highlights selected long-term monitoring programs and discusses a number of documented ecological changes that indicate the present state of the open and nearshore waters of the Great Lakes.     

土地利用规划与旅游规划协调研究

就土地利用规划和旅游规划之间难以衔接与协调的问题,依据规划及社会经济发展的基本原则,从"两规"的差异性、"两规"协调的理论和法律依据、"两规"协调的途径三个方面,试图分析和解决这一长期困扰土地利用规划界与旅游规划界的难题.