Wasting collaboration potential: A study in urban green space governance in a post-transition country

Most accounts of urban green space governance originate in cities where such initiatives have been successful. Meanwhile, there is too little information on cities where such initiatives develop with more difficulty. In order to overcome the problems that such cities face, their situations need to be studied more carefully to facilitate peer comparisons. This article provides an account of urban green space governance in three cities in Poland (Krakow, Lodz, Poznan), where environmental protection is still quite far down on the list of political priorities. With the use of a social network analysis we looked at the extent of relationships between different stakeholders and the roles of different actors within the network. The results indicate that the network's collaboration potential is barely used and that cross-sectoral collaboration is especially deficient. In particular, public institutions hold a relatively strong position and downplay the role of other actors. More collaboration is necessary and the potential bridging role of NGOs should be used to a larger extent. However, this requires more openness and trust within the network.     

建立可持续发展的大协调社会机制

本文运用大协调学的基本观点，提出了建立可持续发展社会机制的主张，并具体阐述了大协调经济机制、法律机制和伦理舆论机制。     

Did you say reference conditions? Ecological and socio-economic perspectives on the European Water Framework Directive

Reference conditions are a key concept in the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The WFD stipulates that the ecological status of a given water body shall be assessed by quantifying the deviation from a set of reference conditions that represent the stable state of an ecosystem in the absence of significant human disturbance. This concept is subject to criticism from several authors, particularly because underlying ecological concepts are weak and the distinction between natural variability and the effects of anthropogenic activities on ecosystem function will become increasingly artificial. In this paper, a sociologist and an aquatic ecologist examine the origin, successes and limits of the reference conditions concept and raise important questions about applying this concept in practice. We argue that this concept fitted specific needs from different institutions and stakeholders which promoted the WFD. Monitoring practices using this concept require some adaptations. Setting goals for restoration based on reference conditions is more problematic. A more adaptive management approach would be wiser.     

River Chief System (RCS): An experiment on cross-sectoral coordination of watershed governance

The trans-regional characteristics of watershed governance produce more problems beyond the capacity of each individual water-related department, leading to the fragmentation of watershed management. The River Chief System (RCS) has experienced swift developments over the past decade in China by appointing the local government heads as river chiefs. RCS works efficiently in the short-term due to its superiority in the inclusion of clear responsibility, authority, and multi-sectoral collaboration. However, the characteristics of the authority-based vertical coordination of the hierarchical system remain unchanged, and therefore the problems of organizational logic and the responsibility dilemma still exist. Tasks including perfecting of laws, integrated watershed management, and public participation still need to be completed. RCS reflects the routine and characteristics of the migration of national governance, and as such provides new insights for other developing countries in the design of river management systems.     

谈特殊病区HIV患者集中静脉采血

目的总结高效率集中采集HIV患者静脉血标本.方法回顾性总结389例患者静脉采血,从采血前准备、怎样选择静脉、采血时的体位配合,到扎止血带、穿刺技巧、拔针,以及防标本溶血,预防职业暴露及交叉感染.结果一次性成功采血89.5%,标本符合要求100%,未发生职业暴露及交叉感染.结论从吸毒的艾滋病患者静脉采血难于常人,采血过程及其前后准备与处理均须?小心谨慎.参4.     

Challenges in humanitarian information management and exchange: evidence from Haiti

There is a growing recognition of the critical role information management can play in shaping effective humanitarian response, coordination and decision‐making. Quality information, reaching more humanitarian actors, will result in better coordination and better decision‐making, thus improving the response to beneficiaries as well as accountability to donors. The humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake marked a watershed moment for humanitarian information management. Yet the fragmented nature of the response and the use of hierarchical models of information management, along with other factors, have led some observers to label the Haiti response a failure. Using an analytical framework often found in humanitarian emergencies, this study analyses challenges to information flow in the Haiti case and the implications for effective humanitarian response. It concludes by offering possible paths for overcoming such challenges, and for restoring the value and utility of humanitarian information management and exchange in humanitarian relief settings.     

西部大开发战略对于中国区域均衡发展的绩效评价

从社会经济产出、社会经济投入、人民生活水平和生态环境四个方面,选取18个相关指标,通过重心法分析西部大开发战略实施后我国区域社会经济发展格局的空间差异和时空动态演化过程,借此评价西部大开发战略的实施效果,研究发现:西部大开发战略实施以来,在中央政府财政倾斜和有关优惠政策的驱使下,西部地区的社会经济发展取得了显著的成效,区域社会经济发展不均衡的格局有所改善, 然而西部地区人民的生活水平相比东部地区而言并没有得到切实的提高,东西部差距进一步拉大。另外,西部地区发展经济特别是工业的同时,并没有有效控制环境污染,尤其是承接产业转移的时候,东部地区将一些高能耗、高污染的产业转移到西部地区,产业转移演化成了污染转移。下一阶段,政府应切实着眼于改善西部地区人民的生活水平和控制环境污染。     

鄱阳湖圩区滞洪与水土资源利用协调

鄱阳湖区有圩堤564座,保护耕地近4200km^2、人口720多万。圩堤对保护湖区人民生命财产安全起到了积极的作用,但有些圩堤占据了湖泊的正常行洪通道,给湖区防洪带来了不利影响,对这些野区应当平圩还湖。还有些中小型野区没有占据湖泊的正常行洪通道,但在洪水期间经常遭受洪水淹没,对这类好区应根据实际情况实施“高水还湖滞洪,低水种植养殖”的运用方式,以缓解鄱阳湖区人多地少的矛盾。从洪水水力学基本理论出发,根据鄱阳湖洪水特征和好区实际情况,定量分析了因中小野区滞洪而降低湖水位的幅度、减少湖周边的淹没面积以及减轻湖区防洪压力,对鄱阳湖可滞洪中小野区“高水滞洪,低水种养”的运用方式进行了探讨,提出了鄱阳湖不同规模的可滞洪野区的滞洪启用水位和启用频率分别为：6．7km^2以下好区为21．65m与10％、6．7—33．3km^2为22．05m与6．67％。建议采用自湖下游至湖上游的野区滞洪启用次序,井对与滞洪需求相协调的好区水土资源利用方式进行了初步研究。     

International NGOs and the role of network centrality in humanitarian aid operations: a case study of coordination during the 2000 Mozambique floods

In February 2000, Mozambique suffered its worst flooding in almost 50 years: 699 people died and hundreds of thousands were displaced. Over 49 countries and 30 international non-governmental organisations provided humanitarian assistance. Coordination of disaster assistance is critical for effective humanitarian aid operations, but limited attention has been directed toward evaluating the system-wide structure of inter-organisational coordination during humanitarian operations. Network analysis methods were used to examine the structure of inter-organisational relations among 65 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) involved in the flood operations in Mozambique. Centrality scores were used to estimate NGO-specific potential for aid coordination and tested against NGO beneficiary numbers. The average number of relief- and recovery-period beneficiaries was significantly greater for NGOs with high relative to low centrality scores (p < 0.05). This report addresses the significance of these findings in the context of the Mozambican 2000 floods and the type of data required to evaluate system-wide coordination.     

区域可持续发展的理论与方法

本文运用系统科学的思维方法对区域可持续发展的研究对象——区域PRED系统的概念、特征、演化机制进行了剖析,并采用计算机辅助决策支持系统的手段对区域可持续发展的调探与决策制定方法进行了探索,在我国区域可持续发展研究的理论框架、可操作的研究方法等问题上提出一种新的研究思路。