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排序方式: 共有154条查询结果,搜索用时 78 毫秒
131.
日本核泄漏期间南京地区空气中放射性气溶胶的监测和评价 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
在日本“3.11”大地震核泄漏期间,对南京地区空气中气溶胶开展了超大流量快速采样,利用高纯锗γ谱仪对采集到的气溶胶样品进行放射性核素识别和浓度分析.监测结果表明,气溶胶取样中存在极微量的人工放射性核素131 I,137Cs和134Cs,初步确认其来自日本福岛核事故.经分析,气溶胶中的人工放射性核素不会对环境和公众健康造... 相似文献
132.
Growing interest in the dynamics of floodplain evolution and the important role of overbank sedimentation on river floodplains as a sediment sink has focused attention on the need to document contemporary and recent rates of overbank sedimentation. The potential for using the fallout radionuclides 137Cs and excess 210Pb to estimate medium-term (10-102 years) sedimentation rates on river floodplains has attracted increasing attention. Most studies that have successfully used fallout radionuclides for this purpose have focused on the use of 137Cs. However, the use of excess 210Pb potentially offers a number of advantages over 137Cs measurements. Most existing investigations that have used excess 210Pb measurements to document sedimentation rates have, however, focused on lakes rather than floodplains and the transfer of the approach, and particularly the models used to estimate the sedimentation rate, to river floodplains involves a number of uncertainties, which require further attention. This contribution reports the results of an investigation of overbank sedimentation rates on the floodplains of several UK rivers. Sediment cores were collected from seven floodplain sites representative of different environmental conditions and located in different areas of England and Wales. Measurements of excess 210Pb and 137Cs were made on these cores. The 210Pb measurements have been used to estimate sedimentation rates and the results obtained by using different models have been compared. The 137Cs measurements have also been used to provide an essentially independent time marker for validation purposes. In using the 210Pb measurements, particular attention was directed to the problem of obtaining reliable estimates of the supported and excess or unsupported components of the total 210Pb activity of sediment samples. Although there was a reasonable degree of consistency between the estimates of sedimentation rate provided by the 137Cs and excess 210Pb measurements, some differences existed and the various models used to interpret excess 210Pb measurements could produce different results. By using the 137Cs measurements to provide independent validation of the estimates of sedimentation rate provided by the different models used with the excess 210Pb measurement it was shown that the CICCS and Composite CRS models appeared to generally provide the best results. 相似文献
133.
134.
长江中下游湖泊沉积速率的测定及环境意义——以洪湖、巢湖、太湖为例 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
对长江中下游洪湖、巢湖和太湖沉积物采用210Pb和137Cs相结合的方法测定沉积速率。洪湖钻孔中210Pbex随深度的增加没有呈现指数衰减分布,因此获得的平均沉积速率并不可靠;而根据137Cs蓄积峰计算得出洪湖钻孔在1963~1986年沉积速率最大,这可能是因为当时大规模开垦导致湖区周围水土流失,大量的侵蚀物质被带入湖中,从而导致沉积速率上升。对巢湖钻孔用210Pb法和137Cs得到的沉积速率具有可比性,研究发现20世纪70年代以来随着深度的减少,巢湖钻孔中沉积通量在增加,说明巢湖流域内水土流失逐步加重,可能与土地开发、植被破坏等人为活动有关。对太湖钻孔利用137Cs 1963年对应的蓄积峰进行校正,采用210Pb计年的CRS模式获得不同时段的沉积速率发现在80年代末尾沉积物堆积通量最高,达到0.6 g·cm-2·a-1。两种计年方法的结合有助于认识沉积速率的变化情况。 相似文献
135.
Jerry C. Ritchie J. Roger McHenry 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1985,21(1):99-104
ABSTRACT: The determination of sediment accumulation rates is important in understanding how these materials are affecting lakes and reservoirs ecosystems. In this study three methods were used to estimate sediment accumulation rates in the impounded backwater lakes behind Lock and Dam Nos. 8 and 9 on the upper Mississippi River. The three methods were: 1) a “spud” survey, 2) a survey of bottom contours, and 3) the use of fallout cesium-137. The field use of these three methods of determining sediment accumulation and the potential errors and merits involved in each method are discussed. The results from the field study in backwater areas along the upper Mississippi River showed the survey of bottom contour method gave the lowest rate of sediment deposition and the 137Cs method gave the highest rates. Sediment accumulation rates from 0 to 7.8 cm per year were measured in the study area. All three methods are useful and have unique characteristics for determining rates and patterns of sediment accumulation. Thus the choice of a method to be used in a sediment survey is dependent on the type of information needed and the time available. 相似文献
136.
利用~(210)Pb和~(137)Cs测定了西藏羊卓雍错湖泊沉积物的沉积速率。结果表明,羊卓雍错湖心和北部湖区沉积柱中的~(137)Cs都只有一个蓄积峰。假定对应的时标为1963年,据此得出的沉积物累积率分别为0. 014 5 g/(cm~2·a)和0. 025 2g/(cm~2·a),对应的年均沉积速率分别为0. 041 cm/a和0. 068 cm/a;而~(210)Pb的结果显示,羊卓雍错湖心和北部湖区的沉积物累积率分别为0. 014 6 g/(cm~2·a)和0. 014 7 g/(cm~2·a),对应的年均沉积速率分别为0. 040 cm/a和0. 041 cm/a。~(210)Pb和~(137)Cs的定年结果在北部湖区的定年结果差别较大,很可能是由于湖水在北部湖区的渗漏,导致沉积物中Cs的纵向迁移造成的。 相似文献
137.
138.
Yasuhito Igarashi Michio Aoyama Katsumi Hirose Pavel Povinec Sadayo Yabuki 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2005,5(3-6):51-69
Currently, atmospheric anthropogenic radionuclides (particulate) are controlled by suspension of the surface dust containing
those radionuclides (resuspension). We have found, therefore, that such radionuclides can be used as tracers of the surface
dust suspension, transport and its subsequent deposition in distant areas. The 137Cs/90Sr activity ratios in the atmospheric deposition, without the direct influence of nuclear tests and accidents, at the Meteorological
Research Institute (MRI, Tsukuba, Japan) during the 1990s were fairly low (average: 2.1). This value is not in agreement with
the ratios in Japanese surface soils (range of averages: 4–7), which had been considered as the primary source of the deposited
dust. This suggests that the current atmospheric dust deposition in Japan is a mixture of local and remote components. The
remote component could be an aeolian dust that has been transported long distances from arid areas. The major component is
most likely to be Asian dust. It was further hypothesized that other remote source may exist beyond the Asian domain, based
on accumulated observations and model results. To obtain more information about the dust transport, Sahara dust deposited
in Monaco in 2002 and a suspended dust collected in the Taklamakan area in 2001 were analyzed for 90Sr and 137Cs. The Taklamakan dust exhibited a 137Cs/90Sr ratio of about 4, which is within the range of atmospheric deposition observed at the MRI, while the Sahara dust exhibited
a higher 137Cs/90Sr ratio (about 13). Although the present Sahara datum was negative for our hypothesis of ‘hyper-range transport’, the seasonal
change of the 137Cs/90Sr ratio in the atmospheric deposition observed at the MRI requires an aeolian dust source having a low 137Cs/90Sr ratio, other than Asian dust. 相似文献
139.
Concentrations of contaminants in sediment deposits can have large spatial variability resulting from geomorphic processes acting over long time periods. Thus, systematic (e.g., regularly spaced sample locations) or random sampling approaches might be inefficient and/or lead to highly biased results. We demonstrate the bias associated with systematic sampling and compare these results to those achieved by methods that merge a geomorphic approach to evaluating the physical system and stratified random sampling concepts. By combining these approaches, we achieve a more efficient and less biased characterization of sediment contamination in fluvial systems. These methods are applied using a phased sampling approach to characterize radiological contamination in sediment deposits in two semiarid canyons that have received historical releases from the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Uncertainty in contaminant inventory was used as a metric to evaluate the adequacy of sampling during these phased investigations. Simple, one-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate uncertainty in contaminant inventory. We also show how one can use stratified random sampling theory to help estimate uncertainty in mean contaminant concentrations. 相似文献
140.
137Cs示踪红壤丘陵区坡地土壤侵蚀的研究--以江西丰城市为例 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
通过137Cs示踪技术,并采用相关的土壤侵蚀定量模型,对红壤丘陵区江西丰城市坡面不同土地利用类型、方式以及不同地貌部位的土壤侵蚀进行了研究。结果表明:研究区137Cs的本底值为1 992.45±145.63 Bq/m2;试验区典型坡地不同地貌部位均存在着一定程度的土壤侵蚀,且侵蚀强度总的变化趋势为坡底部>坡中部>坡顶部;不同土地利用类型和方式下的坡面侵蚀强度亦呈现一定的分异现象,从大到小依次为耕作土坡面>退耕30年+退耕1年混合坡面>退耕30年坡面>荒坡。 相似文献