基于DEMATEL的区域洪涝灾害恢复力影响因素及评价指标体系研究——以巢湖流域为例

影响洪涝灾害恢复力的因素众多且相互关联,识别和区分这些影响因素,找到因素间互相影响程度和因果关系,对于明确洪涝灾害恢复力关键因素,快速找到需要改善的因素具有重要意义。通过分析灾害恢复力的内涵,从自然维、社会维、经济维、技术维、管理维5个维度构建区域洪涝灾害恢复力的影响因素指标体系,应用DEMATEL方法分析区域洪涝灾害恢复力影响因素之间的关系,并以巢湖流域为例凝练出适合该区域的洪涝灾害恢复力评价指标体系,结果表明,一级指标中自然维、经济维对其他因素影响最为显著,二级指标中政府财政支撑能力、土地因子、地形因子对其他影响因素的影响最大;而一级指标中经济维和社会维与其他因素关系最为密切,二级指标中政府财政支撑能力、区域经济实力、土地因子处于核心的位置。从整体影响输出上看,一级指标中原因因素共有2个,分别为自然维、经济维,且以经济维为最,二级指标中原因因素有11个,涉及五个维度,包括所有自然维中因素,并以地形因子、政府财政支撑能力、灾害政策法规为重。一级指标中结果因素有3个,分别为管理维、技术维、社会维;二级指标中共有12个,以管理维中的因素为主,相比于原因因素,通过改善结果因素可以更直接的提高区域洪涝灾害恢复力的水平。     

Water quality indices appraisal and health risk assessment of nitrate,mercury and lead in water distribution network: A case study of Robat Karim in Tehran,Iran

Groundwater is a basic source of drinking water supply for urban and rural areas. This is especially the case for communities located in arid and semi-arid regions that rely on groundwater for drinking purposes. The present study set out to assess the potential health impacts of water impurities and to investigate the qualitative status of drinking water in Robat Karim rural areas, located in southwest Tehran, Iran. A total of 66 samples were collected from the water distribution network of 11 villages (33 sampling points, on two occasions) during September 2020 and were tested in terms of the most common quality parameters such as pH, mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chloride (Cl^–), chlorate (ClO₃^–), nitrite (NO₂^–), nitrate (NO₃^–), and flouride (F^–). Multiple methods and indexes including water quality index (WQI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI), were worked out to assess the quality of water and health risk assessment of NO₃^– Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺. The results revealed that 33% and 90% of sampling sites have significantly high nitrate and total hardness (TH) concentrations, exceeding the maximum permissible limits set by World Health Organization (WHO; 50 and 200 mg/L, respectively). Furthermore, five sampling points exhibited poor WQIs mainly related to NO₃^– and TH. HQ values higher than 1 for nitrate were noticed in most sampling locations. Except for one sampling point, the HQ obtained for Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺ were below 1 indicating no obvious health hazard. This study represents that children and infants are at higher risk of chronic toxicity by excess NO₃^– intake. The health hazard that is yet imposed on the community by NO₃^– necessitates regular monitoring of drinking water, the use of advanced technologies to purify water or otherwise alternative resources should be proposed.     

半主动控制装置在受控结构中的优化布置

利用阻尼器进行振动控制的方法可以有效减小结构体系在地震作用下的振动反应,这种振动控制的效果不仅取决于阻尼器出力大小和控制算法的优化,也取决于阻尼器在高层结构中的布置位置。目前,对于阻尼器的位置优化的研究大多局限于被动控制,而对于主动及半主动控制装置研究则较少。本文提出了一种基于改进遗传算法和等效二次型性能指标的阻尼器位置优化方法,并应用到磁流变液阻尼器半主动控制系统中。最后,通过一8层剪切框架算例验证了本文提出的阻尼器的优化布置方法是简单准确而有效的。     

基于指标气体关联分析的煤自燃分级预警研究

为准确预警煤炭自然发火,基于程序升温试验,获得指标气体与温度间的关系,并将起始温度V0和特征温度点V1、V2、V3时刻的碳氧化物比率作为预警界限,设定4级预警机制,采用灰色关联分析法关联性分析采空区和上隅角CO气体体积分数和碳氧化物比率,按照关联等级的高低细化4级预警机制,同时选取典型案例,详细展示该预警机制下的预警流...     

Development of a New Approach to Cumulative Effects Assessment: A Northern River Ecosystem Example

If sustainable development of Canadian waters is to be achieved, a realistic and manageable framework is required for assessing cumulative effects. The objective of this paper is to describe an approach for aquatic cumulative effects assessment that was developed under the Northern Rivers Ecosystem Initiative. The approach is based on a review of existing monitoring practices in Canada and the presence of existing thresholds for aquatic ecosystem health assessments. It suggests that a sustainable framework is possible for cumulative effects assessment of Canadian waters that would result in integration of national indicators of aquatic health, integration of national initiatives (e.g., water quality index, environmental effects monitoring), and provide an avenue where long-term monitoring programs could be integrated with baseline and follow-up monitoring conducted under the environmental assessment process.     

A Special Vegetation Index for the Weed Detection in Sensor Based Precision Agriculture

Many technologies in precision agriculture (PA) require image analysis and image- processing with weed and background differentiations. The detection of weeds on mulched cropland is one important image-processing task for sensor based precision herbicide applications. The article introduces a special vegetation index, the Difference Index with Red Threshold (DIRT), for the weed detection on mulched croplands. Experimental investigations in weed detection on mulched areas point out that the DIRT performs better than the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The result of the evaluation with four different decision criteria indicate, that the new DIRT gives the highest reliability in weed/background differentiation on mulched areas. While using the same spectral bands (infrared and red) as the NDVI, the new DIRT is more suitable for weed detection than the other vegetation indices and requires only a small amount of additional calculation power. The new vegetation index DIRT was tested on mulched areas during automatic ratings with a special weed camera system. The test results compare the new DIRT and three other decision criteria: the difference between infrared and red intensity (Diff), the soil-adjusted quotient between infrared and red intensity (Quotient) and the NDVI. The decision criteria were compared with the definition of a worse case decision quality parameter Q, suitable for mulched croplands. Although this new index DIRT needs further testing, the index seems to be a good decision criterion for the weed detection on mulched areas and should also be useful for other image processing applications in precision agriculture. The weed detection hardware and the PC program for the weed image processing were developed with funds from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).     

基于GEE的中国南海水质反演与富营养化评价

基于Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台,以MODIS遥感影像为数据源,通过构建多元特征建立水质反演模型,分析了2006～2018年的南海透明度(SD)、总氮(TN)、叶绿素(Chl-a)、化学需氧量(COD)的空间变化特征,并通过综合营养指数分析了南海富营养化的时空趋势.结果表明:GEE结合多元回归模...     

洪灾社会脆弱性指标体系研究

加强社会脆弱性研究对减少洪灾损失、提高社会的灾害应对能力有重要意义.根据灾害位置模型和应急管理周期理论,构建了洪灾社会脆弱性的指标体系,其中洪灾社会脆弱性的理论指标体系包含12个一级指标和110个二级指标;洪灾社会脆弱性宏观指标体系包含9个一级指标和54个二级指标,洪灾社会脆弱性微观指标体系包括12个方面.洪灾社会脆弱性理论、宏观、微观指标体系的构建为进一步从不同层面研究洪灾社会脆弱性奠定了基础.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题,生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑,本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法,并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。     

Estimates of AOT ozone indices from time-integrated ozone data and hourly air temperature measurements in southwest Sweden

Surface ozone concentration and surface air temperature was measured hourly at three coastal sites, four low elevation inland sites and two high elevation inland sites in southwestern Sweden. Diurnal ozone concentration range (DOR) and diurnal temperature range (DTR) were strongly correlated, both spatially and temporally, most likely because both depended on atmospheric stability. Accumulated ozone exposure above a threshold concentration of x nmol mol⁻¹ (AOTx) was estimated from time-integrated ozone concentration (as from diffusive sampling) and measures of ozone concentration variability. Two methods both estimated 24-h AOTx with high accuracy (modelling efficiencies >90% for x ≤ 40 nmol mol⁻¹). Daytime (08:00–20:00) AOTx could not be equally well estimated. Estimates were better for lower AOT thresholds. Diffusive ozone concentration sampling, combined with hourly temperature monitoring, could be a valuable complement to ozone concentration monitoring with continuous instruments.