Understanding the Large‐Scale Influence of Levees on Floodplain Connectivity Using a Hydrogeomorphic Approach

The widespread construction of levees has reduced river–floodplain connectivity and altered associated fluvial processes in many river systems. Despite the recognition that levees can alter floodplain connectivity, few studies have examined the role of levees in reducing floodplain areas at large watershed scales. This paper explores the application of a hydrogeomorphic floodplain inundation model in the Wabash Basin, located in the Midwestern United States, to assess changes in floodplain area in levee‐protected areas. We evaluate 10‐ and 30‐m topographic resolutions and spatially examine the influence of levees on floodplain area in relation to river network attributes. Generally, floodplains in levee‐protected areas were influenced by topographic resolution, stream order, and elevation details of levees found in topography datasets. We show, when compared to Federal Emergency Management Agency maps, our approach underpredicts floodplain area when using 10‐m resolution topography data but only slightly overpredicts when using 30‐m resolution data. After removing details of levees from topography data, we found changes in floodplain area varied spatially, but basin‐aggregate results changed little compared to topography datasets that contain levees, though larger floodplain areas were produced in some regions where levees were removed. This work contributes to a growing research emphasis on using hydrogeomorphic floodplain models to understand floodplain disconnectivity.     

基于GIS的矿山塌陷损害评价系统及可视化方法

在各种工程塌陷问题中,矿山开采引起的地表塌陷是最为严重的一类,矿山塌陷是工程防灾减灾的重要内容。本文围绕“基于GIS的矿山塌陷损害评价系统”的构筑问题,对矿山开采塌陷的三维计算方法和塌陷数据的组织及可视化方式进行了探讨,给出了丘陵和低平山地条件下地表塌陷的三维可视化预计方法,实现了DEM和地表塌陷盆地的可视化表达,并对三维地形图与三维塌陷图的可视化叠置进行了探索。     

基于DEM的太湖流域水文特征提取

文章选取太湖流域作为研究对象,采用1：25万中比例尺DEM作为基础数据,应用ESRI公司开发的ArcGIS地理信息系统软件进行流域水文特征提取,得到了研究区域水流流向、汇流栅格生成、河网水系、子流域边界等流域特征信息,经与标准河流水系特征对照,认为基于DEM提取的太湖流域水文特征信息是合理的,可作为基础信息,为太湖流域生态环境治理实践及理论研究提供数据支撑。     

SENSITIVITY CONSIDERATIONS WHEN MODELING HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES WITH DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the sensitivity of a hydrologic models to the type of DEM used. This was done while modeling basin water quality with 1:24,000 and 1:250,000 U.S. Geological Survey DEMs as input to model hydro‐logical processes. The manner in which the model results were sensitive to the choice of raster cell size (scale) is investigated in this study. The Broadhead watershed, located in New Jersey, USA, was chosen as a study area. Curve numbers were estimated by a trial and error to match simulated and observed total discharge. Monthly runoff for the watershed was used in the calibration process. Higher runoff volumes were simulated by the model when the 1:24,000 DEM were used as input data, probably due to the finer resolution which simulated increased average slope and hence higher estimated runoff from the watershed. As the simulated slope of the watershed is flatten with the 1:250,000 DEM, the response of stream flow was delayed and simulated less runoff volume.     

生态恢复背景下关中地区城镇与植被空间优化协调研究

针对关中地区城市化土地利用与生态建设的关系,利用2000年和2008年的TM、ETM+与MODIS影像,在不同尺度的格网下,基于土地利用度、生态位理论、廊道与点轴理论,并采用对山脊线山谷线提取的方法,从格局、过程和机理等角度进行研究,实现区域格局优化,并进行功能分区。研究结论如下:①研究区2000—2008年东部与中部土地利用程度增加、西部与南北部分土地利用程度下降,而LAI整体上增加显著,城市发展与植被恢复相对协调;②基于空间生态位理论,绝大多数区县的现实生态位都超过基础生态位的50%,表明调控可从区县所辖乡镇进行,并按照现实生态位范围进行城市发展阻力测算;③选用基于DEM的山脊线山谷线提取方法,获得关中地区景观生态廊道、城市发展轴线和缓冲区,并据此将研究区乡镇分为城市扩展型、双轨并重型、生态建设型。     

基于DEM的黄土高原典型流域水系分形特征研究

基于地理信息系统方法和Horton水系定律,对黄土高原地区葫芦河流域的水系分形特征进行了探讨。研究表明,葫芦河流域正处于流域发展的幼年期。这一时期水系尚未充分发育,下切侵蚀强烈。对流域系统地貌信息熵的判读验证了这一结论。这一结论说明利用分形理论来研究黄土高原典型流域地貌是可能的,深入发展分形方法对于流域地貌研究有重要意义。     

基于Arc Hydro Tools的流域特征自动提取——以贵州省内乌江流域为例

简要回顾和讨论了基于栅格数字高程模型(DEM)自动提取流域特征的原理和方法,介绍了一个新的基于ArcGIS开发的提取流域特征的工具ArcHydroTools,基于ArcHydroTools提取流域特征包括5个流程:DEM的预处理、水流流向的确定、汇流栅格图的生成、河网的自动生成、子流域边界的划分。最后以贵州省内乌江流域为研究区进行了试验,试验结果表明:提取结果的精度在总体上是符合要求的,但在地势平坦区或人类活动干扰较大的地区,提取的结果与实际相差较大。从提取的效率和试验结果的精度两方面来看,基于ArcHydroTools的流域特征自动提取是切实可行的。     

Impact of mining industries on the groundwater level fluctuation in Singrauli coalfield area by using remote sensing and GIS,India

The coal mining industries influence hydro-geological parameters, which affect the aquifer recharge in the coal mining areas. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of various hydro-geological parameters on fluctuation of groundwater level in the study area. The various hydro-geological parameters such as soil, geology, drainage pattern, elevation and slope have been considered to accomplish the objective. A comparative analysis was performed by comparing the groundwater level fluctuation (WLF) map with the GIS-based various hydro-geological parameter maps to assess the combined influence of different hydro-geological parameters on groundwater level fluctuation. A total of eighty-six (86) dug-wells were chosen to monitor the level of the groundwater for around ten blocks of Singrauli coalfield, and these wells were examined during the months of dry and wet seasons for 2016. Based on the comparative analysis between the WLF map and thematic maps of various hydro-geological parameters, it has been found that WLF in the south-western and some portions of the north-eastern showed moderate to a higher value. This may be because most of the non-hilly areas come under gentle to moderate slope category, with lower elevation in the area forming the suitable hydro-geological condition for recharging groundwater. It was observed that the northwest, south-east and central part of the study area showed lower WLF, which may be due to the presence of overburden dump, presence of higher elevation and steep slope. Thus, the combined effect of slope, elevation, geology, drainage and mining activities on the WLF in the study region is moderate.     

A hydrologic network supporting spatially referenced regression modeling in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a methodology for statistically relating nutrient sources and land-surface characteristics to nutrient loads of streams. The methodology is referred to as SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW), and relates measured stream nutrient loads to nutrient sources using nonlinear statistical regression models. A spatially detailed digital hydrologic network of stream reaches, stream-reach characteristics such as mean streamflow, water velocity, reach length, and travel time, and their associated watersheds supports the regression models. This network serves as the primary framework for spatially referencing potential nutrient source information such as atmospheric deposition, septic systems, point-sources, land use, land cover, and agricultural sources and land-surface characteristics such as land use, land cover, average-annual precipitation and temperature, slope, and soil permeability. In the Chesapeake Bay watershed that covers parts of Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington D.C., SPARROW was used to generate models estimating loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus representing 1987 and 1992 land-surface conditions. The 1987 models used a hydrologic network derived from an enhanced version of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's digital River Reach File, and course resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). A new hydrologic network was created to support the 1992 models by generating stream reaches representing surface-water pathways defined by flow direction and flow accumulation algorithms from higher resolution DEMs. On a reach-by-reach basis, stream reach characteristics essential to the modeling were transferred to the newly generated pathways or reaches from the enhanced River Reach File used to support the 1987 models. To complete the new network, watersheds for each reach were generated using the direction of surface-water flow derived from the DEMs. This network improves upon existing digital stream data by increasing the level of spatial detail and providing consistency between the reach locations and topography. The hydrologic network also aids in illustrating the spatial patterns of predicted nutrient loads and sources contributed locally to each stream, and the percentages of nutrient load that reach Chesapeake Bay.     

长江三峡磨子湾滑坡形成过程的离散元模拟

本文采用离散单元法模拟了磨子湾滑坡变形破坏发展的动态过程。模拟结果与地质分析结果具有很好的一致性。达到了地质分析与数值模拟相互引证的目的。