基于Arc Hydro Tools的流域特征自动提取——以贵州省内乌江流域为例

简要回顾和讨论了基于栅格数字高程模型(DEM)自动提取流域特征的原理和方法,介绍了一个新的基于ArcGIS开发的提取流域特征的工具ArcHydroTools,基于ArcHydroTools提取流域特征包括5个流程:DEM的预处理、水流流向的确定、汇流栅格图的生成、河网的自动生成、子流域边界的划分。最后以贵州省内乌江流域为研究区进行了试验,试验结果表明:提取结果的精度在总体上是符合要求的,但在地势平坦区或人类活动干扰较大的地区,提取的结果与实际相差较大。从提取的效率和试验结果的精度两方面来看,基于ArcHydroTools的流域特征自动提取是切实可行的。     

A hydrologic network supporting spatially referenced regression modeling in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a methodology for statistically relating nutrient sources and land-surface characteristics to nutrient loads of streams. The methodology is referred to as SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW), and relates measured stream nutrient loads to nutrient sources using nonlinear statistical regression models. A spatially detailed digital hydrologic network of stream reaches, stream-reach characteristics such as mean streamflow, water velocity, reach length, and travel time, and their associated watersheds supports the regression models. This network serves as the primary framework for spatially referencing potential nutrient source information such as atmospheric deposition, septic systems, point-sources, land use, land cover, and agricultural sources and land-surface characteristics such as land use, land cover, average-annual precipitation and temperature, slope, and soil permeability. In the Chesapeake Bay watershed that covers parts of Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington D.C., SPARROW was used to generate models estimating loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus representing 1987 and 1992 land-surface conditions. The 1987 models used a hydrologic network derived from an enhanced version of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's digital River Reach File, and course resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). A new hydrologic network was created to support the 1992 models by generating stream reaches representing surface-water pathways defined by flow direction and flow accumulation algorithms from higher resolution DEMs. On a reach-by-reach basis, stream reach characteristics essential to the modeling were transferred to the newly generated pathways or reaches from the enhanced River Reach File used to support the 1987 models. To complete the new network, watersheds for each reach were generated using the direction of surface-water flow derived from the DEMs. This network improves upon existing digital stream data by increasing the level of spatial detail and providing consistency between the reach locations and topography. The hydrologic network also aids in illustrating the spatial patterns of predicted nutrient loads and sources contributed locally to each stream, and the percentages of nutrient load that reach Chesapeake Bay.     

Simulation of pedestrian contra-flow by multi-agent DEM model with self-evasive action model

A pedestrian contra-flow can be seen frequently in urban spaces such as a pedestrian crossing, an open space and a concourse. A pedestrian simulation with taking a pedestrian contra-flow into account will be a rational tool for designing urban pedestrian facilities. The objective of our research is to develop a microscopic model for a pedestrian contra-flow. Although we have been developing a DEM (Distinct Element Method)-based microscopic model of crowd behavior, this conventional crowd behavior model does not necessarily provide satisfactory agreement with an observation in a pedestrian crossing with heavy commute traffic. In this paper, we newly develop a self-evasive action model, which can describe either a collision avoidance or an alignment behavior between adjacent pedestrians. The multi-agent DEM model with the self-evasive action model shows good predictions of the characteristics of pedestrian contra-flow.     

岩体结构面组合对巷道围岩稳定性的影响

岩体结构面组合对巷道围岩稳定性的影响研究,一直是一个热点研究课题,不同的岩体结构面组合对巷道围岩稳定性的影响及其破坏的形式与规模都是不同的。本论文根据某具体煤矿项目的工程地质条件,采用离散元法模拟分析了节理不同方位组合对巷道稳定性的影响及其破坏形式,并得出了一些有益的结论,用以指导煤矿开采施工。     

Mapping woodland vegetation in SW Ethiopia based on a hybrid model

SUMMARY

Despite the fact that indigenous inhabitants have sustainably managed the forests and woodlands for centuries, Ethiopia's woodland resources are now under severe pressure. At the request of the Ethiopian Government, in 1996/97 the Savanna Woodland Management Study Project was initiated by the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ). A detailed analysis of the woodland resources in SW Ethiopia and a vegetation map were produced. The map was generated using multispectral remote-sensing data, and provides details of the variety within Ethiopian woodlands. A hybrid data classification procedure was applied to incorporate relief and climatic conditions. After analysis of the remote sensing data by image processing, a spatial overlay was performed to incorporate the additional site condition factors. The vegetation map shows the spatial distribution of all existing woodland types in the area and enhances our knowledge of the rich biodiversity of SW Ethiopia. Such mapping gives us a better understanding of existing ecosystems and indigenous land-use systems, and hence, can lead to more sustainable management of the natural resources in the future.     

基于DEM的山地丘陵区土地利用/覆被研究——以青海湖流域为例

研究地形对土地利用空间分布格局的影响,对探讨不同地貌部位自然因素和人文因素在土地利用变化过程中的作用具有重要意义。论文以青海湖流域为例,对比各土地利用类型的投影面积与地表真实面积的差异,并从地形(高程、坡度、坡向)角度分析了流域内土地利用的空间分布格局。结果表明:流域投影面积与地表真实面积相差754.79 km²。耕地、居民地、水域、沙地主要分布在3 500 m以下,且坡度小于2°的平地上,耕地和居民地多分布在南坡和西南坡上;林地主要分布在3 500~4 000 m且坡度多在6~25°的缓地和斜坡上,各坡向分布较均匀;草地主要分布在4 500 m以下且坡度小于25°的坡地上;沼泽多分布在3 500~4 500 m且坡度小于25°的河源地区,多分布在北坡和东北坡上;其它用地主要分布在4 000~4 500 m的坡度较大的斜坡或陡坡上。随高度、坡度增加,土地利用程度综合指数呈下降趋势;土地利用综合指数在坡向上呈现:平地＞阳坡＞阴坡。说明地形在很大程度上影响着青海湖流域的土地利用分布,且这种影响比较符合当地的自然规律和社会经济规律。     

冰川积雪融水补给为主河流水库蓄水期起始时间的判定

如何科学合理地确定水库蓄水期起始时间对保证水库正常运行、下游灌溉、供水、河道生态需水等方面有重要的作用,尤其是以冰川积雪融水补给为主的河流水库。而目前在实际水库运行中也没有一个较好的合理确定标准和方法,只能根据流域特性水库运行管理人员主观确定,受人为因素影响较大,增加了水库正常运行的不确定性,不能充分发挥水库各方面的效益。因此提出在以MOD IS积雪监测数据基础上结合零度层高度监测数据即雪线高度合理确定水库蓄水期起始时间的方法,更具有说服力及合理性,对水库运行管理提供了一定的指导依据,有利于当地水资源的合理利用,并通过实际应用说明方法是可行的。     

基于遥感的青海省植被覆盖时空变化定量分析

使用1km分辨率MODIS NDVI时间序列数据,采用决策树分类、监督分类和非监督分类相结合的综合分类方法,将青海省土地覆盖类型划分为14个类别.这种分类方法重点突出了植被,特别是稀疏植被(包括稀疏草地和稀疏灌丛)的空间分布.在将青海省分为5个高程带的基础上,使用GIS软件的空间分析功能,对青海省2001～2006年的地表植被覆盖在各级高程带上的空间分布和时间序列变化进行了定量分析.结果表明,近5a青海省的植被覆盖有所改善,植被覆盖面积从2001年的370047km2增加到2006年的374576km2,植被覆盖率增加了0.63%.青海省5级高程带中高山地带的植被覆盖率最高,达到67.92%.在青海省各级高程带上,高山地带上中覆盖度草地的分布面积最大,为94003km2.高山地带高覆盖度草地的面积增加最多,为1280km2.5a间植被覆盖变化最大的是高山地带上稀疏草地向中覆盖度草地的转变,转变面积达到15931km2.     

DEM分辨率及子流域划分对AnnAGNPS模型模拟的影响

 针对大中尺度流域非点源污染模拟精度与运算效率的突出矛盾,选取数据精度与空间离散化2个关键影响因素,讨论数字高程模型(DEM)分辨率和临界源面积(CSA)取值对AnnAGNPS模型模拟结果的影响.分别比较了7组CSA取值及8组不同DEM分辨率对华北潮河流域大阁子流域AnnAGNPS模型参数提取及模拟结果的影响.研究发现,CSA取值对汇水单元的数量、地表径流量、泥沙以及总氮的模拟有很大的影响.随着CSA取值的增大,地表径流量变化不大;泥沙先逐渐增大,后呈减少趋势;总磷负荷的变化趋势不明显;总氮负荷呈逐渐减少的趋势.选择合适的CSA是流域AGNPS模型模拟的基础.DEM是分布式水文模型的基础数据,研究表明:DEM分辨率对坡度有较大的影响.随着DEM分辨率的降低,径流量变化不大;土壤侵蚀和总氮负荷变化却十分明显,当DEM分辨率从30m逐渐降低至60m时,泥沙输出及总氮负荷迅速减小,总磷呈现先减小后逐渐稳定的趋势,但变化幅度小于总氮和泥沙.当DEM分辨率小于60m,泥沙和总氮的输出随分辨率降低下降缓慢.以30m和50m DEM为例,通过不同精度的DEM坡度回归分析,建立了低精度DEM坡度修正的方法.用修正后的坡度进行AnnAGNPS模型模拟计算,结果表明坡度修正对泥沙、总氮、总磷的模拟有不同程度的改善.     

输入数据精度与准确性对SWAT模型模拟的影响

以潮河流域为研究区域,利用潮河流域1990~2013年监测数据,构建SWAT模型,在模型结构和参数不改变的情况下,探究输入数据精度（DEM分辨率）与准确性（降水插值）对径流和总氮模拟结果影响.结果显示：DEM分辨率变化（30~300m）对径流及总氮模拟效果不同,对径流模拟影响不明显,纳什系数（ENS）和R²可达到0.87以上;对总氮模拟结果影响较大,分辨率越精细,模拟效果越好.不同水文年,DEM分辨率变化对总氮负荷模拟表现不同.丰水年对总氮负荷影响较大,负荷量差异较为明显,枯水年影响相对较小;不同DEM分辨率下,年均（1993~2002年）总氮负荷强度空间分布相似,高负荷区均位于潮河中游,潮河上游及下游的负荷强度相对较低.不同降水输入数据站点分布、站网密度和准确性不同,流域内降水空间分布差异显著.总体上,基于站点较少的气象站插值数据与雨量站实测降水数据,径流和总氮模拟效果较为接近;基于SWAT官方雨量站插值数据,径流和总氮模拟效果较差.不同降水数据输入情景下,模拟的总氮负荷强度模拟的空间分布差异明显;降水量分布较高的区域,负荷量也较高;不同水文年下,不同降水输入对总氮负荷模拟表现不同.丰水年和枯水年,基于气象站插值数据的总氮模拟结果与基于雨量站实测数据的模拟结果较为接近,而基于SWAT官方雨量站插值的模拟误差较大;平水年,基于SWAT官方雨量站插值的模拟结果较气象站插值数据的模拟结果更好.该研究可为流域开展模型构建提供科学参考和借鉴.