Decision making during the prenatal diagnostic procedure. A questionnaire and interview study of 211 women participating in prenatal diagnosis

Counselling in connection with prenatal diagnosis (PND) is a common task for the obstetrician and the midwife. However, the decision making processes of pregnant women are not completely known, for instance, the questions of women's autonomy, the decision on how to act in the case of an abnormal test, and the partner's participation in the decision. A questionnaire and interview study was carried out among 211 women undergoing PND by amniocentesis or chorionic villus biopsy. Most women in the sample indicated that PND was completely voluntary. However, at the same time almost every woman reported that it was difficult to decline from PND when offered. Even before the visit to register at the antenatal clinic, most of the women (83 per cent) had made up their minds to have PND. At the time of the test, many of the participants (62 per cent) had decided in favour of a legal abortion if the test indicated an abnormality in the fetus. At the same time, however, the data indicate a need for reflection and ambivalence, which the medical staff have to accept. In the questionnaire most of the women stated that they and their partners had similar attitudes towards PND, but when interviewed 38 per cent of the women admitted some differences between their own attitudes and their partners'. Although some women reported considerable deliberation and ambivalence, most of them said that they would undergo PND in another pregnancy.     

Fisheries management: integrating societal preference, decision analysis, and ecological risk assessment

Fisheries management is the practice of analyzing and selecting options to maintain or alter the structure, dynamics, and interaction of habitat, aquatic biota, and man to achieve human goals and objectives. The theory of fisheries management is: managers or decision makers attempt to maximize renewable `output' from an aquatic resource by choosing from among a set of decision options and applying a set of actions that generate an array of outputs. Outputs may be defined as a tangible catch, a fishing experience, an existence value, or anything else produced or supported by renewable aquatic resources. Overall output is always a mix of tangible and intangible elements. However defined, management goals and objectives are essential components of fisheries management or any other field of renewable natural resource management. Reaching consensus on management goals and objectives has never been a simple task. Beyond the broad and often conflicting goals of an agency, managers must decide who should set specific management objectives — agency personnel, the public, or a combination of the two. Historically, rhetoric aside, fisheries managers in North America nearly always have consulted with professionals in governmental roles to set management objectives. In a strongly pluralistic society, this often resulted in protracted political and legal conflict. Increasingly, there are calls for use of risk assessment to help solve such ecological policy and management problems commonly encountered in fisheries management. The basic concepts of ecological risk assessment may be simple, but the jargon and details are not. Risk assessment (and similar analytical tools) is a concept that has evoked strong reactions whenever it has been used. In spite of the difficulties of defining problems and setting management objectives for complex ecological policy questions, use of risk assessment to help solve ecological problems is widely supported. Ecological risk assessment will be most useful (and objective) in political deliberations when the policy debate revolves around largely technical concerns. To the extent that risk assessment forces policy debate and disagreement toward fundamental differences rather than superficial ones, it will be useful in decision making.     

政策干预对提高煤矿职工素质影响探讨

煤矿井下作业人员素质低,是煤矿事故多发的重要原因之一.建议从大幅度提高煤矿井下人员工资待遇,吸引高素质人才从事煤矿工作;全方位开展煤矿职业培训工作,坚持先培训后就业,实行煤矿从业准入制;对现在岗的煤矿从业人员分期分批进行培训,实现煤矿从业人员持证上岗;政府出台政策,强制煤矿企业开展职工岗位技术培训和安全培训等4个方面着手,切实提高煤矿从业人员的整体素质,减少煤矿事故的发生.     

变权组合模型在景观水体水质模拟中的应用

针对景观水体的水质模拟与预测问题,在BP神经网络和支持向量机模型的基础上,建立了权重随输入量变化的变权组合模型。该模型既能充分利用各个单一模型的优点,又能避免固定权重分配的弊端。经实例验证,与单一的BP神经网络和支持向量机模型相比,变权组合模型拟合精度更高,预测结果更为准确。     

负载型纳米CuO/MnO2催化剂的制备及催化氧化深度处理印染废水

以酸改性凹凸棒土(ATP)为载体,活性炭为添加剂,制备负载铜、锰过渡金属氧化物的凹凸棒土-活性炭催化剂。以印染废水生化处理后出水的COD和色度为处理对象,考察了不同的催化氧化条件,即凹凸棒土与活性炭的比例、pH、H2O2和催化剂的投加量对印染废水深度处理效果,并利用SEM、XRD对催化剂进行表征。结果表明:在室温25 ℃时,催化剂载体中凹凸棒土与活性炭的比例为2∶1,H2O2加入量为理论加入量的2倍,即2.4 mL·L-1,pH值为4,催化剂的使用量为15 g·L-1时,COD和色度的去除率最佳,分别达到93%和90%。扫描电镜结果表明铜、锰以颗粒的形式负载在催化剂的表面,XRD结果表明在催化剂载体表面,活性组分的存在形式为CuO、MnO2。     

pH对BF-MBR工艺处理高强度生活废水的影响

受控生态生保系统中生活废水污染强度大,生物转化后回用于植物培养是废水资源化的有效途径,但面临氮素稳定转化难、碱度消耗较大的问题。以BF-MBR工艺(生物膜耦合膜生物工艺,biofilm-membrane bioreactor)为研究对象,研究了不同pH条件下的好氧硝化性能及硝化动力学,并考察了硝化过程的碱度消耗情况。结果表明,在pH=6.0~7.2内,好氧生物反应器均能获得良好的氨氧化效果,而在pH=6.0~6.5的条件下更有利于全程硝化的维持;氨氧化速率随pH的增加而增大,而亚硝氧化速率在pH 6.6时达到最高;酸性条件下的碱度消耗量远低于碱性条件,而氢氧化钾作为碱液时的消耗量比碳酸氢钾低3.28 g·g^-1。从物料损耗和工艺处理效果综合考虑,硝化系统中最佳的pH可调控在6.4~6.5,此时全程硝化率可达97.8%。以上研究结果可为受控生态生保系统中生活废水处理系统的设计和运行提供参考。     

基于链式多重插补的WOA-ELM煤与瓦斯突出预测模型

为了提高缺失数据下煤与瓦斯突出预测准确率,提出1种基于链式支持向量机多重插补(MICE＿SVM)的鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)-极限学习机(ELM)预测模型,以淮南朱集矿区为例,选取5个煤与瓦斯突出影响指标作为模型特征,采用提出的MICE＿SVM算法插补突出事故数据中缺失值,利用WOA优选ELM输入层权值及隐含层阈值,构建煤与瓦斯突出预测模型,将插补后数据用于WOA-ELM模型的训练与测试,并与其他模型的预测效果对比。研究结果表明：MICE＿SVM插补前、后的有突出数据预测准确率分别为83.02%,90.41%,MICE＿SVM显著提高了有突出预测准确率,对无突出和整体的预测准确率提高不明显;数据插补后WOA优化ELM对无突出、有突出和整体的预测准确率分别为97.94%,96.25%,96.48%,较优化前分别提高了5.79%,5.84%,5.55%,数据插补后WOA-ELM为最佳预测模型。     

基于SVR的含缺陷管道剩余强度研究

针对采用标准预测含缺陷管道剩余强度误差较大这一问题,在Matlab中建立基于SVR的含缺陷管道剩余强度预测模型,并基于60组含缺陷管道爆破试验数据进行训练测试,以验证模型的实际性能.结果表明:SVR模型预测测试集结果的最小相对误差为0.55％,最大相对误差为10.35％,平均相对误差为2.63％,预测结果的R2高达0....     

基于MDE和分形优化SVM的周期来压预测

为了解决周期来压的预测问题,首先对已知支架周期来压荷载曲线使用多重差异进化算法(MDE)进行拟合,将每重拟合形成的单一正弦曲线与上次差余曲线(Ei)再作差余曲线(Ei+1)。将这些Ei图通过分形几何的盒子法计算维度和相关系数(r)。将每条Ei的维度、r和支架相对距离(L)作为输入值,对应的Ei的周期Ti、缩放系数Si和纵移系数Di作为目标值,使用支持向量机(SVM)进行训练。通过对维度和r规律的研究得到拟设置支架处荷载各Ei的维度和r,带入训练后的SVM模拟得到Ei的Ti、Si和Di,进而得到Ei的表达式。将上述Ei求和即为所求拟设置支架处的周期来压荷载。实例分析说明,该种方法预测结果可以大体反映支架周期来压的基本形式和变化规律。     

基于回归支持向量机的指标规范值的水质评价模型

传统的回归支持向量机的水质评价模型不具有普适性和通用性,当指标较多时,模型的学习效率和求解精度均会受到影响.若适当设定3类水体(地表水、地下水和富营养化水体)各项指标的参照值及指标值的规范变换式,使不同指标的同级标准的规范值差异不大,从而可以认为用规范值表示的不同指标皆“等效”于某个规范指标.因此,可建立用规范值表示的任意m项指标组合皆适用的水质评价的回归支持向量机模型.通过实例对模型的实用性进行了效果检验,结果表明:用基于回归支持向量机的指标规范值的水质评价模型对河桥地表水、黑龙洞泉域地下水和山仔水库富营养化水体的水质评价结果与用BP神经网络评价法、模糊综合评价法和属性识别评价法的评价结果基本一致.