农业自然灾害威胁性的灰色局势决策

本文以农业自然灾害及与之相关的机率、强度、对产值损害度、社会抗灾能力效果等因素，构造成灾害威胁局势，并引用灰色系统理论的最优局势概念和决策方法，对灾害威胁性的灰色局势作出排序决策。     

基于属性约简的绝缘节破损预测

准确的绝缘节破损预测能够保证铁路运输安全和经济效益。支持向量机算法能够处理轨道电路测试数据,对其进行分类,预测可能存在隐患的绝缘节,但支持向量机预测模型的原始样本多有冗余,基于此,提出了一种基于粗糙集和支持向量机的绝缘节破损预测模型。通过改进主分量启发式属性约简算法,降低样本维数,同时选用模拟退火算法完成SVM自动参数选优。实例分析和仿真结果表明,与单一支持向量机算法相比,属性约简后的粗糙集-支持向量机算法提高了分类器的分类性能,与采用网格搜索技术的SVM预测方法相比,模拟退火算法有效提高了SVM的预测精度。     

支持向量机对多环芳烃毒性的定量构效预测

为了实现多环芳烃(PAHs)毒性的有效预测,提出应用定量构效技术对多环芳烃的空气-正辛醇分配系数(KOA)和致癌性进行预测。应用分子描述符和试验值确立构效关系,采用支持向量机算法(SVM)和人工神经网络算法(ANN)分别建立了PAHs的KOA回归预测模型和致癌性分类预测模型。利用网格划分(GS)、遗传算法(GA)、粒子群算法(PSO)对SVM进行参数寻优。应用均方误差(MSE)、拟合决定系数R2和分类准确率(Accuracy)分别对模型进行了验证与评价。结果表明,最佳回归预测模型GS-SVR的MSE为0.059 7,R2为0.913 0;最佳分类预测模型GA-SVC的Accuracy为95%。研究表明:应用SVM所建两种模型的稳定性和预测能力都优于应用ANN建立的模型;参数优化后模型的稳定性和预测能力得到了提高。     

The effectiveness of lane departure warning systems—A reduction in real-world passenger car injury crashes

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the safety benefits of in vehicle lane departure warning (LDW) and lane keeping aid (LKA) systems in reducing relevant real-world passenger car injury crashes.

Methods: The study used an induced exposure method, where LDW/LKA-sensitive and nonsensitive crashes were compared for Volvo passenger cars equipped with and without LDW/LKA systems. These crashes were matched by car make, model, model year, and technical equipment; that is, low-speed autonomous emergency braking (AEB) called City Safety (CS). The data were extracted from the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition database (STRADA) and consisted of 1,853 driver injury crashes that involved 146 LDW-equipped cars, 11 LKA-equipped cars, and 1,696 cars without LDW/LKA systems.

Results: The analysis showed a positive effect of the LDW/LKA systems in reducing lane departure crashes. The LDW/LKA systems were estimated to reduce head-on and single-vehicle injury crashes on Swedish roads with speed limits between 70 and 120 km/h and with dry or wet road surfaces (i.e., not covered by ice or snow) by 53% with a lower limit of 11% (95% confidence interval [CI]). This reduction corresponded to a reduction of 30% with a lower limit of 6% (95% CI) for all head-on and single-vehicle driver injury crashes (including all speed limits and all road surface conditions).

Conclusions: LDW/LKA systems were estimated to lower the driver injury risk in crash types that the systems are designed to prevent; that is, head-on and single-vehicle crashes. Though these are important findings, they were based on a small data set. Therefore, further research is desirable to evaluate the effectiveness of LDW/LKA systems under real-world conditions and to differentiate the effectiveness between technical solutions (i.e., LDW and LKA) proposed by different manufacturers.     

重大决策的环境影响评价实证探讨

该文在阐述亟待建立重大决策环评制度的基础上，提出了重大决策环评的特点，程序，方法，并以江苏省和第三次发展机遇－结构调整为实例，进行实证研究。     

Growth of the Decision Tree: Advances in Bottom‐Up Climate Change Risk Management

There has recently been a return in climate change risk management practice to bottom‐up, robustness‐based planning paradigms introduced 40 years ago. The World Bank's decision tree framework (DTF) for “confronting climate uncertainty” is one incarnation of those paradigms. In order to better represent the state of the art in climate change risk assessment and evaluation techniques, this paper proposes: (1) an update to the DTF, replacing its “climate change stress test” with a multidimensional stress test; and (2) the addition of a Bayesian network framework that represents joint probabilistic behavior of uncertain parameters as sensitivity factors to aid in the weighting of scenarios of concern (the combination of conditions under which a water system fails to meet its performance targets). Using the updated DTF, water system planners and project managers would be better able to understand the relative magnitudes of the varied risks they face, and target investments in adaptation measures to best reduce their vulnerabilities to change. Next steps for the DTF include enhancements in: modeling of extreme event risks; coupling of human‐hydrologic systems; integration of surface water and groundwater systems; the generation of tradeoffs between economic, social, and ecological factors; incorporation of water quality considerations; and interactive data visualization.     

A Hydraulic MultiModel Ensemble Framework for Visualizing Flood Inundation Uncertainty

While deterministic forecasts provide a single realization of potential inundation, the inherent uncertainty associated with forecasts also needs to be conveyed for improved decision support. The objective of this study was to develop an ensemble framework for the quantification and visualization of uncertainty associated with flood inundation forecast maps. An 11‐member ensemble streamflow forecast at lead times from 0 to 48 hr was used to force two hydraulic models to produce a multimodel ensemble. The hydraulic models used are (1) the International River Interface Cooperative along with Flow and Sediment Transport with Morphological Evolution of Channels solver and (2) the two‐dimensional Hydrologic Engineering Center‐River Analysis System. Uncertainty was quantified and augmented onto flood inundation maps by calculating statistical spread among the ensemble members. For visualization, a series of probability flood maps conveying the uncertainty in forecasted water extent, water depth, and flow velocity was disseminated through a web‐based decision support tool. The results from this study offer a framework for quantifying and visualizing model uncertainty in forecasted flood inundation maps.     

小凌河矿回采巷道交叉点支护技术研究

为了得出小凌河矿回采巷道交叉点处的支护方案,建立了FLAC3D数值模拟模型。针对南票煤电集团小凌河煤矿-580 m南翼溜煤道处于大倾角、受动载影响的地质条件,理论分析了交叉巷道围岩应力与变形特点,通过FLAC3D数值模拟与工程类比确定了联络巷支护方案。分析了巷道交叉点围岩应力分布和位移规律分布,确定了巷道交叉点处的补强支护方案,顶板采用钢筋托梁组合锚杆支护,并进行锚索补强。交叉的两条巷道在保持原有支护参数的基础上通过增加顶板锚索的根数来提高支护强度。结果表明,在顶板采用钢筋托梁组合锚杆支护和锚索补强,可有效控制围岩离层和结构面变形。数值模拟和传统方法相比,针对性强,更快捷方便。     

Decision support tools for collaborative marine spatial planning: identifying potential sites for tidal energy devices around the Mull of Kintyre,Scotland

The expansion of offshore renewable energy production, such as wind, wave and tidal energy, is likely to lead to conflict between different users of the sea. Two types of spatial decision support tools were developed to support stakeholder workshops. A value mapping tool combines regional attributes with local knowledge. A negotiation support tool uses these value maps to support stakeholders in finding acceptable locations for tidal energy devices. Interactive value mapping proved useful to address deficiencies in data and to create credibility for these maps. The negotiation tool helped stakeholders in balancing objectives of the various stakeholders.     

基于关联向量机回归的水质预测模型

提出了一种基于关联向量机回归的水质时间序列预测模型,并以该模型对氢离子浓度指数(p H值)、溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)和氨氮(NH3-N)4种重要水质指标进行预测.首先采用国家环保部发布的四川攀枝花龙洞水质自动监测数据进行实验,对该模型的有效性进行了验证;然后将关联向量机回归预测模型与支持向量机回归预测模型进行比较.为了比较不同核函数的预测效果,实验中预测模型的核函数分别采用了线性函数和高斯函数.实验结果表明,关联向量机回归模型的预测效果不亚于支持向量机回归模型;且在给出预测值时,还能同时给出预测结果的可信程度.