FIELD SCALE MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION MAKING: A CASE STUDY FROM WESTERN IOWA1

ABSTRACT: Water quality issues in agriculture are growing in importance. A common theme is the provision of better information to decision makers. This study reports the trial of a prototype decision support system by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Agricultural Research Service in the NRCS Harrison County Field Office in 1998. Observed data collected at the Deep Loess Research Station (DLRS) near Treynor, Iowa, were extrapolated using a modified GLEAMS field scale simulation model that included a nitrogen leaching component and a crop growth component. An accounting tool was used to convert crop yield estimates into crop budgets. A model interface was built to specify the climate, soil, and topography of the field, as well as the management scenarios for the alternative management systems. For the Deep Loess Hills area of Harrison County, a total of six soil and slope groups, with 66 total combinations of management practices forming management systems, were defined and simulated based on previously calibrated data from DLRS. A multi‐objective decision support system, the Water Quality Decision Support System, or WQDSS, was used to examine the tradeoffs in a comprehensive set of variables affected by alternative management systems with farmers in Harrison County. The study concluded that a multiobjective decision support system should be developed to support conservation planning by the NRCS. Currently, a larger scale effort to improve water quality decision making is underway.     

山区城镇泥石流减灾决策支持系统

山区城镇泥石流减灾决策支持系统是山区城镇泥石流减灾的重要手段之一。该系统由基础数据库、泥石流模型分析和泥石流减灾决策应用三大模块构成 ,其主要功能有降水、泥石流地声和运动监测及信息实时发送和接收、泥石流预报、泥石流危险范围预测与灾情预估、泥石流警报和临灾预案制定。其工作流程为 :降水监测仪将降水信息无线发送到控制中心主机 ,主机对降水信息处理后发送给泥石流预报模型进行泥石流预报 ,并利用泥石流危险性分区模型进行危险范围预测 ,同时进行灾情预估 ;泥石流地声监测仪将地声信号发送给主机 ,主机检测到泥石流地声后发出泥石流警报 ;泥石流运动监测仪将运动信息发送给主机 ,主机根据泥石流运动要素进行危险范围划定和灾情预估 ,最后制定临灾预案。     

A Knowledge-Based Systems Approach to Design of Spatial Decision Support Systems for Environmental Management

/ This paper describes a framework for designing spatial decision support systems for environmental management using a knowledge-based systems approach. An architecture for knowledge-based spatial decision supportsystems (KBSDSS) is presented that integrates knowledge-based systems with geographical information systems (GIS) and other problem-solving techniques. A method based on spatial influence diagrams is developed for representation of environmental problems. The spatial influence diagram provides an interface through which knowledge-based systems techniques can be applied to build capabilities for problem formulation, automated design, and execution of a solution process. In addition to the flexibility and developmental advantages of knowledge-based systems, the KBSDSS incorporates expert knowledge to provide assistance for structuring spatial influence diagrams and executing a solution process that automatically integrates the GIS, data base, knowledge base, and different types of models. The framework is illustrated with a system, known as the Islay Land Use Decision Support System (ILUDSS), designed to assist planners in strategic planning of land use for the development of the island of Islay, off the west coast of Scotland.KEY WORDS: Geographical information systems; Spatial decision support systems; Knowledge-based systems; Spatial influence diagrams; Environmental management     

构建与设计化学矿业可持续发展决策支持系统

本文讨论了化学矿业可持续发展的内涵和实现可持续发展战略的最佳技术手段之一,即建立化学矿业可持续发展空间决策支持系统的重要性,提出了化学矿业可持续发展决策支持系统的构建理论依据和方法,探讨了化学矿业可持续发展空间决策支持系统总体设计、系统分析的数学模型以及系统的方法库和模型库的设计。     

A decision inventory approach for improving decision support for climate change impact assessment and adaptation

Assessing and adapting to the impacts of climate change requires balancing social, economic, and environmental factors in the context of an ever-expanding range of objectives, uncertainties, and management options. The term decision support describes a diverse class of resources designed to help manage this complexity and assist decision makers in understanding impacts and evaluating management options. Most climate-related decision support resources implicitly assume that decision making is primarily limited by the quantity and quality of available information. However, a wide variety of evidence suggests that institutional, political, and communication processes are also integral to organizational decision making. Decision support resources designed to address these processes are underrepresented in existing tools. These persistent biases in the design and delivery of decision support may undermine efforts to move decision support from research to practice. The development of new approaches to decision support that consider a wider range of relevant issues is limited by the lack of information about the characteristics, context, and alternatives associated with climate-related decisions. We propose a new approach called a decision assessment and decision inventory that will provide systematic information describing the relevant attributes of climate-related decisions. This information can be used to improve the design of decision support resources, as well as to prioritize research and development investments. Application of this approach will help provide more effective decision support based on a balanced foundation of analytical tools, environmental data, and relevant information about decisions and decision makers.     

沈阳市噪声污染防治技术支撑体系

本文通过对沈阳市噪声环境污染存在问题的评价分析，探讨构建以噪声功能区划、污染监控体系，污染防治体系，公众参与体系和法律、法规和标准体系等为主要内容的噪声污染防治技术支撑体系的框架和机制，进而达到改善声环境质量的目的。     

基于支持向量机的资源型城市可持续发展指标体系研究

资源型城市的可持续发展系统是由自然、经济、社会三个基本层次组成的相互作用且相互依赖的复杂巨系统。支持向量机回归具有非线性、并行分布处理、自学习等特点，可以较为逼真地模拟该系统。本文通过对资源型城市可持续发展指标体系现有主要方法的研究，提出以支持向量机为模型的资源型城市可持续发展指标的分析预测方法，并应用此方法构造支持向量机。绘制指标预测图。对铜陵市国民经济总产值进行了预测。结果表明本预测方法效果较好。     

A proposed Multi Criteria Analysis decision support tool for international environmental policy issues: a pilot application to emissions control in the international aviation sector

Policy making at the level of international environmental problems appears to lack a transparent, multi criteria based, decision support ‘tool’. This is due mainly to the highly political, volatile, and contextual nature of issues at this level. The environmental problem of how to regulate emissions from international civil aviation due to their transboundary nature, and the participation of international and domestic players, makes it a ‘wicked’ international environmental problem where policy making has proved problematic. This problem has been used as the basis for developing and pilot testing a tool for contributing to international policymaking, the Multi Criteria Decision Support System (MCDSS). This tool is based on simplifying and integrating key components of Multi Criteria Analysis with a Decision Support System. A preliminary application of the tool explored three options for progressing the reduction of aviation emissions. Testing was based on the allocation of weights to environmental, social, economic and institutional categories, which were each then internally weighted to reflect key criteria in the policy process. Finally, likely performances of each option, against the criteria, were evaluated against Likert scale measures. The outputs from each of these steps were combined to generate a summed best policy option. Conclusions have been drawn and they indicate that the tool is potentially useful especially in the initial stages of policy development. The MCDSS is not an alternative to the international policy process, but rather complements, and makes explicit key tradeoffs in, that process.     

固-液异相催化剂在环境科学领域中的应用

异相催化是催化反应的重要组成部分，其应用十分广泛。固一液异相催化作为环境科学领域中的一项比较新颖的技术，在研究污染物在多介质环境中的迁移转化行为、开发受污染环境修复及污废水处理新技术等诸多方面都具有很大的发展潜力。因此，对不同类型固一液异相催化剂在环境科学领域的应用研究逐渐成为国内外环境科学领域的研究热点之一。其中，金属和金属氧化物因对某些氧化一还原反应具有较好的催化作用，在饮用水脱氮、污废水脱卤及深度氧化处理等水处理领域的应用较为广泛；固态酸催化剂能催化聚合、裂化、水解反应，因此与某些有机污染物的降解密切相关；将同相催化剂固定化为异相催化剂，同样成为新技术开发的方向之一；天然催化剂对污染物在多介质环境中行为影响的研究近年来也屡有发表。此外，载体因对催化剂的活性及应用具有重要影响，也日益受到关注。文章对环境科学领域中固一液异相催化剂的应用研究进行了综述。