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41.
Zhang Y Lashermes G Houot S Doublet J Steyer JP Zhu YG Barriuso E Garnier P 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(1):19-30
Composting urban organic wastes enables the recycling of their organic fraction in agriculture. The objective of this new composting model was to gain a clearer understanding of the dynamics of organic fractions during composting and to predict the final quality of composts. Organic matter was split into different compartments according to its degradability. The nature and size of these compartments were studied using a biochemical fractionation method. The evolution of each compartment and the microbial biomass were simulated, as was the total organic carbon loss corresponding to organic carbon mineralisation into CO2. Twelve composting experiments from different feedstocks were used to calibrate and validate our model. We obtained a unique set of estimated parameters. Good agreement was achieved between the simulated and experimental results that described the evolution of different organic fractions, with the exception of some compost because of a poor simulation of the cellulosic and soluble pools. The degradation rate of the cellulosic fraction appeared to be highly variable and dependent on the origin of the feedstocks. The initial soluble fraction could contain some degradable and recalcitrant elements that are not easily accessible experimentally. 相似文献
42.
Hiroyuki Katoh Takao Watanabe Hideaki Ohmori Kiyoshi Kawamura Yoshiaki Makino 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2005,7(1):55-64
The carbonization of dehydrated johkasou sludge was examined using batch-type equipment. Based on the temperature changes in the carbonization room and the gas combustion room, the carbonization process was divided into three phases: phase I, drying the sludge; phase II, thermal decomposition of the dried sludge; phase III, after phase II. The times required for phases I and II were strongly correlated with the amounts of water and solid matter, respectively, in dehydrated sludge. The reduction rate of the sludge on completion of phase I was about 90% on average, and the decomposition rate of solid matter increased with time during phase II or phase II plus phase III until it reached about 50%. TOC concentration of the eluate from the carbonized sludge was used as an index to evaluate the progress of the carbonization process, and the highest temperature in the carbonization room was recognized as an important operational factor. The specific surface area and pore volume of carbonized sludge were smaller than those of charcoals and activated carbons by 1–3 orders of magnitude and 1–2 orders of magnitude, respectively. No elution of heavy metals was observed from any of the carbonized sludges examined. The reduced amount of carbon in dehydrated johkasou sludge was estimated to be about 25% of the decomposed organic matter. 相似文献
43.
Takafumi Fujita Takayuki Kawano Liwei Huang Yoshihiro Kojima Hitoki Matsuda Koichi Ushiroebisu 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(1):15-20
To control the emission of halides into the environment, an experiment on the nonthermal plasma decomposition of the halides
CF4, CHF3, C2HCl3, and CHClF2 was conducted in a wire-in-tube corona reactor. It was found that the decomposition of C2HCl3 and CHClF2 was easy compared with the decomposition of CF4 and CHF3. With the addition of H2 in N2 gas, the decomposition ratio of CF4, C2HCl3, and CHClF2 increased. In contrast, the decomposition ratio of CHF3 in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere was lower than that in an N2 atmosphere. It was demonstrated that the yields of HF and/or HCl formed during halide decomposition clearly increased in
the presence of H2 in N2 gas. Furthermore, in order to prevent the production of unwanted products from halide decomposition, a combination of plasma
decomposition and in situ alkaline absorption was devised by coating a layer of Ca(OH)2 onto the surface of the grounding electrode. It was demonstrated that the Ca(OH)2 sorbent played an effective role as a scavenger, participating in halide decomposition by capturing reaction products such
as HCl and HF, therefore resulting in increased halide decomposition. 相似文献
44.
Recent trends in the decomposition of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons by ultrasound irradiation and Fenton's reagent 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jun Liang Sergey Komarov Naohito Hayashi Eiki Kasai 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2007,9(1):47-55
Over the past few years, a large number of studies have been conducted on the use of ultrasound for decomposition of harmful
organic pollutants, particularly chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (CAH) in wastewater. The published reports cover a variety
of applications, including both ultrasonic treatment alone and in combination with other methods, e.g., advanced chemical
oxidation processes. This article presents a review of recent work on ultrasonic-based methods of CAH decomposition, with
emphasis on the applications of ultrasound alone and in combination with Fenton's reagent, as attractive advanced oxidation
systems. In the first part of this review, the basic principles of sonochemical treatment are presented, followed by a review
of the applications of ultrasound alone for CAH degradation. In the second part, the mechanisms of CAH degradation with Fenton's
reagent and its application for CAH degradation are summarized. In the final part, studies on the applications of ultrasound
together with Fenton's reagent are reviewed. The reported results suggest that a combination of ultrasound and Fenton's reagent
is more attractive for practical application than the use of either method separately. Further studies, however, are required
in this area because the reaction mechanism and the relationship between the reaction rates and process parameters for such
a combined process are not yet well established. 相似文献
45.
The decomposition of the mangrove Rhizophora mangle and the seagrass Thalassia testudinum was examined using litterbags along a natural gradient in nutrient availability. Seagrass leaves had a higher fraction of their biomass in the labile pool (57%), compared to mangrove leaves (36%) and seagrass rhizomes (29%); the overall decomposition rates of the starting material reflected the fractionation into labile and refractory components. There was no relationship between the N or P content of the starting material and the decomposition rate.
Nutrient availability had no influence on decomposition rate, and mass was lost at the same rate from litterbags that were buried in the sediment and litterbags that were left on the sediment surface. The dynamics of N and P content during decomposition varied as a function of starting material and burial state. N content of decomposing mangrove leaves increased, but seagrass rhizomes decreased in N content during decomposition while there was no change in seagrass leaf N content. These same general patterns held for P content, but buried seagrass leaves increased in P content while surficial leaves decreased. δ13C and δ15N changed by as much as 2‰ during decomposition. 相似文献
Nutrient availability had no influence on decomposition rate, and mass was lost at the same rate from litterbags that were buried in the sediment and litterbags that were left on the sediment surface. The dynamics of N and P content during decomposition varied as a function of starting material and burial state. N content of decomposing mangrove leaves increased, but seagrass rhizomes decreased in N content during decomposition while there was no change in seagrass leaf N content. These same general patterns held for P content, but buried seagrass leaves increased in P content while surficial leaves decreased. δ13C and δ15N changed by as much as 2‰ during decomposition. 相似文献
46.
非平衡放电等离子体治理有害气体 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
重点分析了常温常压下非平衡放电等离子体产生的条件及其物理和化学性能,综合评述了放电技术的理烟气中有害气体SO2,NOx,CO2的机理和研究现状。 相似文献
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