基于灰色GM(1,1)模型的铁岭市工业废水排放量预测

建立铁岭市工业废水排放量预测模型,预测2010～2015年铁岭市工业废水排放量.根据工业废水排放量数据序列特征,将灰色系统理论GM(1 ,1) 模型的建模方法用于构建铁岭市工业废水排放量预测模型,并用GM(1 ,1)残差模型对模型进行修正.利用1999～2007年铁岭市工业废水排放量原始数据与预测数据比较分析,误差较小...     

江苏省化学工业主要水污染物排放地方标准研究

江苏省化学工业主要水污染标准的制订对于促进我省化工企业的清洁生产．保护生态环境有着重要的现实意义。介绍了江苏省化学工业水污染物排放的情况,对化工生产技术水平和水污染控制情况进行了分析,在此基础上确定了主要水污染污的排放限值。并进行了达标和环境效益分析。     

火电厂烟气脱硝容量的合理性探讨

根据美国20世纪90年代初的电力生产及火电NOx的排放情况,并结合我国的实际情况及控制火电NOx排放的趋势,提出2010年和2020年我国火电NOx排放总量控制目标,预测满足火电NOx控制目标的合理的火电厂烟气脱硝容量.     

典型行业废水特征有机污染物排放控制标准探讨

通过对典型行业废水有机污染物排放现状的调查研究,探讨我国现有污水排放标准存在的问题,即现有的标准不能有效控制废水特征有机污染物排放。依据美国环保局多介质环境模型,用不同方法计算水介质排放环境目标值,用该值作为标准限值,评价典型行业废水有机污染物监测结果。针对典型行业废水有机污染物排放特征,提出制订排放控制标准的建议。     

燃料燃烧排放系数的确定和估算方法

大气污染物的排放量主要与燃料种类及燃烧方式有关。鉴于目前仍未有一套针对不同燃料及不同燃烧方式而设计的燃料燃烧排放系数 ,现以广州市为研究对象 ,采用 5种不同的方法 ,得出一套适用于各种燃料及不同燃烧方式的排放系数 ,使得通过燃料消耗量推算大气污染物排放量更方便、更准确。     

A Water Quality Index Applied to an International Shared River Basin: The Case of the Douro River

A Water Quality Index (WQI) is a numeric expression used to evaluate the quality of a given water body and to be easily understood by managers. In this study, a modified nine-parameter Scottish WQI was used to assess the monthly water quality of the Douro River during a 10-year period (1992–2001), scaled from zero (lowest) to 100% (highest). The 98,000 km² of the Douro River international watershed is the largest in the Iberian Peninsula, split between upstream Spain (80%) and downstream Portugal (20%). Three locations were surveyed: at the Portuguese–Spanish border, 350 km from the river mouth; 180 km from the mouth, where the river becomes exclusively Portuguese; and 21 km from the mouth. The water received by Portugal from Spain showed the poorest quality (WQI 47.3 ± 0.7%); quality increased steadily downstream, up to 61.7 ± 0.7%. In general, the water quality at all three sites was medium to poor. Seasonally, water quality decreased from winter to summer, but no statistical relationship between quality and discharge rate could be established. Depending on the location, different parameters were responsible for the episodic decline of quality: high conductivity and low oxygen content in the uppermost reservoir, and fecal coliform contamination downstream. This study shows the need to enforce the existing international bilateral agreements and to implement the European Water Quality Directive in order to improve the water quantity and quality received by the downstream country of a shared watershed, especially because two million inhabitants use the water from the last river location as their only source of drinking water.     

Governmental Oversight of Discharges from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

As point sources of pollution in the United States, concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are subject to the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permitting system requirements. Changes to federal regulations in 2003 and a 2005 court decision have increased the governmental oversight of CAFOs. Manure application to fields from “large CAFOs” that results in unpermitted discharges can be regulated under the Clean Water Act. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s interpretation of agricultural stormwater discharges was approved so that unpermitted discharges may arise if an owner or operator of a CAFO fails to apply manure correctly. Owners and operators do not, however, have a duty to secure governmental permits in the absence of a discharge. Turning to the federal provisions regarding nutrient management plans, a court found that they were deficient. Moreover, the federal government needs to reconsider requirements that would reduce pathogens from entering surface waters. Although these developments should assist in reducing the impairment of U.S. waters, concern still exists. Greater oversight of nutrient management plans and enhanced enforcement efforts offer opportunities to provide greater assurance that CAFO owners and operators will not allow a discharge of pollutants to enter surface waters.     

美国废水污染源自行监测制度及对我国的借鉴

介绍了美国以排污许可证制度为载体的废水污染源自行监测制度;自行监测方案包括监测内容、监测指标、监测点位、监测频次、采样方法等,依据排污许可证中关于污染物及其排放限值的规定而设计;自行监测数据用于污染源监督检查和制定国家排放限值。对于我国企业自行监测,提出了进一步明确自行监测的主体地位与自行监测数据的法律地位、分行业制定自行监测指南、建立污染源监测数据信息综合平台、加强与企业自行监测相关内容的培训等建议。     

杭嘉湖地区淡水水产养殖污染物排放总量的研究

对杭嘉湖地区各种养殖模式选择有代表性的养殖品种,在养殖周期内分不同养殖阶段对其养殖水域进行CODCr、氨氮、总磷等有机污染物浓度测试,结合养殖池塘的产量、排水量等基本情况确定杭嘉湖地区水产养殖污染物排放系数。根据排放系数和区域水产养殖产量,计算得出杭嘉湖地区淡水水产养殖CODCr、氨氮、总磷等污染物的排放量。     

Enforcement Lessons from the Vienna Übahn

/ This paper combines a review of recent publications on the effectiveness of environmental enforcement in the United States with new data to address the question of what type of enforcement activity is most productive. Using data on 39 state National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) programs, the measures of effort and cost typically applied to environmental enforcement and inspection activities were tested for relationships with compliance outcomes. No statistically significant relationships were found. In the absence of any improving trend in traditional measures of compliance, this lack suggests all enforcement systems presently used by states are failing. To work, an environmental enforcement system needs to include maintenance and restoration of compliance, real deterrence, mobilization of public opinion, minimal obtrusiveness, conformity with legal search requirements, cost-effectiveness for all parties, effective primary role for skilled inspectors, self-monitoring, compatibility with environmental management systems (e.g., ISO 14000), environmental auditing, robustness in the face of changing strategies by permittees, segregation of technical assistance from enforcement, team orientation, adaptability to multimedia, and, most difficult of all, disconnection from today's timely, appropriate, proportionate standard. These goals can be achieved through a proposed new environmental enforcement approach built on infrequent, random, but thorough inspections leading to fully documented enforcement actions resulting in high penalties. The enforcement system used by the Vienna übahn, or subway, can serve as a model for this type of environmental enforcement system. KEY WORDS: Enforcement; Deterrence; Environmental water quality; Discharge elimination systems