利用下水管网系统净化城市污水的中试研究

采用充纯氧及固定化细胞技术在２７５．５ｍ市政下水管网系统中进行了日处理１５００ｍ＾３污水的中试。对单纯充氧、充氧加固定化细胞二种工艺及不同 氧量刊物了比较研究。结果表明,在加固定化细胞条件下,充纯氧（Ｖ（Ｏ２）：Ｖ（Ｈ２Ｏ）＝０．０７８：１）可使流过此段管道的污水的污染物去除６５％以上,基本达到国家污水综合排放二级标准。     

Ecological effects of cultivation on the machair sand dune systems of the Outer Hebrides, Scotland

The machair sand dune systems of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland are a unique habitat, which is rare within both a global and European context. Unusually, the machair habitat also represents an agricultural resource that is very important to the Hebridean people, having been subject to both grazing and cultivation throughout the historical period. Following designation as an Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) in 1988, the machairs of South Uist have been studied with the aim of understanding the links between agricultural practice and their plant community and ecosystem dynamics. This research focused primarily on the effects of cultivation practices and their role in maintaining plant species richness and community and ecosystem stability. Within two carefully selected areas, the successional plant communities of machair at different stages of recovery following ploughing and cultivation of cereals and potato patches or ‘lazy beds’ were identified at both a macro- and micro-level. Investigations of the vegetation recovery processes on turves taken from newly ploughed land indicated that the initial stages of recolonization are characterized primarily by rapid vegetative reproduction and growth, although re-vegetation by seeds is also an important factor. The implications of these findings for the long-term management of machair plant communities are discussed and in particular the need to maintain old cultivation practices such as shallow ploughing. The need for more detailed research into both seed banks and seed rain and into processes of vegetative reproduction is stressed. Nomenclature: Clapham et al. (1981) and Stace (1991, 1997) for vascular plants; Hubbard (1984) for grasses; Pankhurst & Mullin (1991) for the regional flora; Dobson (1992) for lichens; Watson (1981) for mosses and liverworts.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Getting caught up in the game: managing non-formal dynamics in the remediation of contaminated sediments in Oslo harbor

This study aims at describing, analyzing and evaluating the relation between management styles and process dynamics of a complex planning process confronted with unexpected dynamics. The development of an aquatic disposal site for dredged contaminated sediments in Oslo was managed by a project management style focused on timely and cost-effective implementation. Coupling the remediation project with another infrastructural project and the actual construction of the site led to unexpected dynamics in terms of resistance and controversy. Project management had difficulties in adjusting its style accordingly, resulting in even more delay and resistance. Managing complex planning projects requires a style suitable to the characteristics of the project and the capability of adjusting it to changing circumstances. The paper concludes with some explanations why it is difficult to change management styles in complex planning and implementation processes and complexity-embracing approaches to deal with this.     

层状氧化物NaCo_2O_4热催化H_2O_2降解亚甲基蓝

采用固相烧结法制备了NaCo_2O_4催化剂,构建了NaCo_2O_4-H_2O_2热催化体系降解亚甲基蓝(MB)。XRD和SEM表征结果显示,合成的NaCo_2O_4催化剂具有良好的稳定性。NaCo_2O_4对H_2O_2具有良好的热催化性能,反应温度越高,反应速率常数k越大,该催化反应符合一级动力学方程。NaCo_2O_4-H_2O_2体系对MB具有较好的降解效果,在反应温度为50℃、NaCo_2O_4加入量为50 mg、MB溶液加入量为100 mL、MB初始质量浓度为30 mg/L、H_2O_2加入量为1.00 mL的最优条件下,反应340 min时,MB降解率达87.00%;催化剂重复使用三次,MB降解率仍可达85%以上;经捕获剂效果对比实验发现,催化反应体系中存在h~+、·OH等催化活性物种。     

基于地面监测数据的2013~2015年长三角地区PM2.5时空特征

近年来,长三角地区灰霾天气持续增多,空气细颗粒物污染问题日益突出。基于2013年1月至2015年5月长三角地区及周边缓冲区内共214个空气质量监测站点PM_2.5逐时监测数据,运用普通克里金插值方法,从年、季、月尺度上分析了PM_2.5的空间分布格局和时间动态变化。结果表明:(1)2 a来,长三角地区PM_2.5浓度空间分布明显呈现整体北部高南部低,局部地区略有突出的分布特征;长三角地区PM_2.5浓度年均值为57.08μg/m³;其中,江苏省PM_2.5的年均值为三省市最高,为65.84μg/m³;其次为上海市,年均值为53.87μg/m³;浙江省PM_2.5的年均值较小,为51.53μg/m³。(2)从季节尺度分析,长三角地区PM_2.5浓度变化表现出冬春季高,夏秋季低的变化趋势;这与区域内冬季风向来源、降水稀少、气象扩散条件差有着密切的关系; (3)长三角地区月浓度变化大致呈U形分布; 12月份PM_2.5浓度最高; 3月份以后, PM_2.5浓度开始呈逐步下降趋势;在5~9月份,区域PM_2.5处于"U"字的谷底,其中6月份夏收时期秸秆焚烧、气象等因素导致PM_2.5浓度有略微升高;进入10月份后迅速攀升,且11、12月份呈现持续升高态势。     

高强度好氧生物反应器处理制药废水的启动和稳定性试验研究

高强度好氧反应器(jet-loop compact reactor,JLCR)采用射流曝气强制溶氧.对JLCR处理制药废水进行了试验研究,考察了JLCR的运行效果、反应器的启动与污泥驯化、抗冲击负荷性能以及污泥沉降性能等.初步结果表明,该系统启动时间较短,运行稳定,COD去除效果较好.进水COD为8000 mg/L左右时,去除率达到80%.     

微波消解-分光光度法测定COD的研究

通过试验研究,提出了测定COD的新方法——微波消解-分光光度法。该方法准确度、精密度符合分析要求,与国标中回流法的测定结果没有显著差异。而且采用该方法测定COD可克服回流法、微波消解-滴定法及HACH-COD测定法的操作复杂、耗时长等缺点。     

氟苯胺同系物降解性能对比实验研究

利用驯化污泥研究了邻氟苯胺、对氟苯胺、2,4-二氟苯胺的好氧生物降解性能.结果表明,3种氟苯胺的好氧生物降解性能从高到低依次为,对氟苯胺、邻氟苯胺和2,4-二氟苯胺.降解动力学分析表明,在初始浓度在8～50 mg·L^-1范围内,除2,4-二氟苯胺在实验浓度8.56 mg/L时为一级反应,其他为零级反应.且它们的降解规律都符合Monod方程.污染物化学结构特性与其生物降解性能相关性研究表明,热力学参数与氟苯胺好氧生物降解性能相关性最好,空间参数次之,而电性参数最差.并研究了共代谢条件下葡萄糖和苯胺对2,4-二氟苯胺的好氧降解的影响,葡萄糖的引入有促进作用,而苯胺只在一定浓度范围内有促进作用.因而,氟苯胺的生产废水与生活污水合并处理以及多种组分混合废水处理是可行的.     

低溶解氧和磷缺乏引发的非丝状菌污泥膨胀及控制

针对污泥培养过程中出现的非丝状菌污泥膨胀,分析了发生膨胀后污泥的特征、性状及其降解污染物性能.反应器中低溶解氧浓度（0～0.7mg/L）和低P/BOD₅值(0.78/100) 2种因素共同作用导致污泥膨胀.污泥胞外多聚糖含量越高,污泥憎水性越小,SVI也越高.通过提高溶解氧浓度和P/BOD₅值,可使污泥沉降性能得到恢复.此外,向膨胀污泥中投加多孔填料,在不降低处理效能的情况下,很快使系统免受污泥沉降性能恶化的困扰,而向膨胀污泥中投加强氧化剂NaClO并不能有效控制污泥膨胀.