矿物演化行为对垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融特性的影响

以焚烧飞灰为主要原料,采用灰熔点测试、差示扫描量热法、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等方法,研究了掺加SiO₂(以w计)对焚烧飞灰熔融特性的影响,并利用CASTEP模块模拟计算生成矿物的反应活性. 结果表明,当w(SiO₂)为29.14%时,焚烧飞灰流动温度为1 355 ℃,比原灰降低了近200 ℃,熔融特征温度随w(SiO₂)增加而上升. 将焚烧飞灰熔融并热处理后得到微晶玻璃,其矿物质组成为硅灰石、假硅灰石、钙铝黄长石、钙铁榴石、硬石膏和三型钾霞石等. 分子模拟计算结果表明,假硅灰石、钙铝黄长石和钙铁榴石形成能高,属耐熔矿物,而硅灰石、硬石膏和三型钾霞石等助熔矿物的低共熔会导致灰熔融温度降低. SiO₂/CaO(质量比,下同)<1时,过量的Ca2+易与活性氧发生集聚反应,形成热稳定性好的假硅灰石;SiO₂/CaO接近于1时,生成以硅灰石为主晶相的助熔矿物,硅灰石形成能为-41.67 eV,低于其他矿物,并且晶体氧原子中活性氧比例达到77.78%;当SiO₂/CaO>1时,大量无定形SiO₂及方石英(非活性氧)的存在致使灰熔融温度升高. 硅酸盐矿物熔体中非活性氧(Si—O—Si)和活性氧(Si—O,自由氧)占氧原子比例的变化是焚烧飞灰熔融特性改变的内因.      

水体氧动态对氮磷地球化学行为的影响

底层水体氧动态直接制约着许多与底栖生物的生物、生态行为息息相关的生物地球化学过程. 高分辨率(垂向分辨率为3 mm)的原位采样技术能精确地获取ρ(PO₄3--P)和ρ(NH₄+-N)在沉积物-水界面微环境的分布特征,这对准确掌握营养盐在该区域发生的独特的生物地球化学过程至关重要. 研究表明,连续曝氮气或空气下,孔隙水中ρ(NH₄+-N)显著提高,升温使该效应进一步增强. 在常温下,曝空气沉积物孔隙水中ρ(PO₄3--P)显著下降,曝氮气则无显著影响;但厌氧条件下升温至35 ℃时ρ(PO₄3--P)显著增加. 在低氧和厌氧时,PO₄3--P从沉积物向水体的扩散速率(以P计)为10.41~25.85 mg/(m2·d);但底层DO充足或CaO₂添加剂量为5 g/m2致ρ(DO)呈过饱和状态时,PO₄3--P释放速率从0.07 mg/(m2·d)进一步降至-17.20 mg/(m2·d),说明随着ρ(DO)的升高,PO₄3--P有进一步削减的潜力. PO₄3--P在界面处的释放强度显著依赖于氧气和温度的动态. 总体来看,DO充足时,NH₄+-N和PO₄3--P的地球化学循环过程表现为从上覆水向沉积物吸附固定;当升温或缺氧时,这一过程可能被抑制甚至发生逆转.      

Occurance and control of manganese in a large scale water treatment plant

The continuous variations of dissolved oxygen (DO), manganese (Mn), pH, and their effect on manganese removal by different water treatment processes are investigated. The results show that the declined DO concentration and pH value in the bottom of reservoir results in the increasing release of Mn from sediment to source water. Manganese concentration increased from 0.1 to 0.4 mg·L^-1 under the condition that DO concentration decreased from 12.0 to 2.0 mg·L^-1 in raw water. The different water treatment processes exhibited different efficiency on manganese removal. The processes with recycling of the suspended sludge, low elevation velocity in settling tank and slow filter rate, will benefit the manganese removal. During a high release of manganese in raw water, traditional coagulation-sedimentation and filtration could not completely remove Mn, although granular activated carbon filtration (GAC) had been applied. At that case, preoxidation with chlorine or potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) was necessary to address the high manganese concentration.     

兰州市南北两山不同生境红砂种群数量动态研究

对兰州市南北两山不同生境天然分布的红砂种群进行数量动态研究,通过径级结构回归年龄结构,编制静态生命表,绘制生存函数曲线,计算动态指数及谱分析,结果表明:不同生境红砂种群均表现为幼龄个体多,中老龄个体少,种群在Ⅲ龄级时死亡率最高,随着年龄增加,死亡率有所降低,Ⅶ、Ⅷ龄级由于生理衰老死亡率上升,种群存活曲线均接近于Deevey-Ⅲ型,年龄结构均接近增长型,增长潜力阴坡山下(5.90%)>阳坡山下(5.62%)>阴坡山上(4.77%)>阳坡山上(3.79%),并存在明显的周期性,红砂种群的数量动态变化整体上受其生命周期中生物学特性的控制;由于坡向及海拔差异带来的环境异质性,阴坡山下红砂种群整体生长最佳,阴坡山上和阳坡山下次之,而阳坡山上的红砂种群危险系数最大,受环境和种内压力共同作用显著,应适当抚育,从而促进种群持续发育。     

Anaerobic digestion of chicken feather with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge for biogas production

Biogas production from anaerobic digestion of chicken feathers with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge was assessed in two separate experiments. Ground feathers without any pre-treatment were added to 42-L digesters inoculated with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge, representing 37% and 23% of total solids, respectively and incubated at 25 °C in batch mode. Compared to the control without feather addition, total CH₄ production increased by 130% (P < 0.001) and 110% (P = 0.09) in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters, respectively. Mixed liquor NH₄N concentration increased (P < 0.001) from 4.8 and 3.1 g/L at the beginning of the digestion to 6.9 and 3.5 g/L at the end of digestion in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters, respectively. The fraction of proteolytic microorganisms increased (P < 0.001) during the digestion from 12.5% to 14.5% and 11.3% to 13.0% in the swine manure and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters with feather addition, respectively, but decreased in the controls. These results are reflective of feather digestion. Feather addition did not affect CH₄ yields of the swine manure digesters (P = 0.082) and the slaughterhouse sludge digesters (P = 0.21), indicating that feathers can be digested together with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge without negatively affecting the digestion of swine manure and slaughterhouse sludge.     

污水厂曝气节能智能优化控制系统

针对国内大部分污水厂现有曝气控制中存在着溶解氧浓度波动大、曝气量冗余大、曝气单元能耗高等问题,提出曝气节能智能优化系统,该系统通过获得A/O工艺实时的在线数据不断进行模拟计算,然后按照生化池进水的污染物负荷状况,以曝气能耗最小为目标函数来获取最优的DO设定值及其PI控制器的参数Kp、Ki。该智能优化系统在沥滘污水厂的实际应用情况表明:该系统在盫こ鏊实那榭鱿拢唤鎏岣吡讼低车目垢汉沙寤髂芰Γ苯档土?曝气能耗。     

Generation time and the maximum growth rate for populations with age-specific fecundities and unknown juvenile survival

In age-classified population models where all parameters are known, the generation time and growth rate are calculated in a straightforward manner. For many populations, some parameters, such as juvenile survival, are difficult to estimate accurately. In a simplified population model where fecundity and survival are constant from the onset of breeding, it is known that generation time may be calculated given only adult survival, age at first reproduction, and the population growth rate. However, the assumption of constant fecundity from the onset of breeding does not hold for many populations. An extended population model allows calculation of generation time with the additional knowledge of the ratio of age-specific fecundities compared to a maximum fecundity rate. When these relative fecundities are unknown, an ad hoc adjustment to the simplified model performs well.When the study population is in an ideal environment, the optimal generation time and maximum growth rate are linked, and both may be approximated knowing only adult survival, age at first reproduction, and the relative fecundities. The maximum growth rate has important conservation implications, and calculating it correctly is therefore important. Improper use of the simplified population model to calculate the maximum growth rate, combined with a simple decision rule, leads to an average overharvest of 36%, and >60% for three of six bird species studied, compared to the full population model. By comparison, using the approximation from the extended or adjusted models results in average overharvests of only 8% (extended model) and 5% (adjusted model), and <50% for all six species (either model).     

A simulation model to evaluate the impacts of invasive earthworms on soil carbon dynamics

Recent studies have reported that earthworm invasions alter native communities and impact nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. We developed a simulation model to evaluate the potential impacts of earthworm invasions on carbon dynamics, taking into consideration earthworm feeding strategies and priming effects on the microorganisms through their casting activities. Responses of carbon stocks (forest litter, soil organic matter, microbial biomass and earthworm populations) and carbon fluxes (litter decomposition, earthworm consumption, and microbial respiration) were used to evaluate an earthworm invasion of a forest ecosystem. Data from a northern temperate forest (Arnot Forest, New York) were adapted for model calibration and evaluation. Simulation results suggest that the impact and outcome of earthworm invasions are affected by pre-invasion resource availability (litter and soil organic matter), invasive earthworm assemblages (particularly feeding strategy), and invasion history (associated with earthworm population dynamics). The abovementioned factors may also determine invasion progress of earthworm species. The accuracy of the model could be improved by the addition of environmental modules (e.g., soil water regimes), precise parameters accounting for individual species attributes under different environmental conditions (e.g. utilization ability of different types of food resources), as well as earthworm population dynamics (size and structure) and interactions with predators and other invasive/indigenous species during the invasion progress. Such an earthworm invasion model could provide valuable evaluation of the complicated responses of carbon dynamics to earthworm invasions in a range of forest ecosystems, particularly under global change scenarios.     

Choosing classes for size projection matrix models

Projection matrix models are intensely used in ecology to model the dynamics of structured populations. When dealing with size-structured populations, there is no satisfactory algorithm to partition size into discrete classes. We show that the Vandermeer-Moloney algorithm for choosing classes is inconsistent with the Usher model, and systematically selects the finest classes. Considering that the matrix model is a discrete approximation of a continuous model, we define an approximation error as the sum of a distribution error (the difference between the discrete distribution and its continuous counterpart), and a sample error. The optimal partition of size into classes is the one that minimizes the approximation error. This method for choosing classes also shows that the choice of the class width cannot be disconnected from the choice of the time step. When applied to 520 trees of Dicorynia guianensis in French Guiana, this algorithm identified 8 classes of 11.4 cm in width, which is in agreement with the empirical choice of foresters.     

二氧化硫胁迫对不同抗性玉米幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

采用60mg·m-3SO2气体处理玉米（Zea Mays.L）幼苗,通过组织化学染色和定量测定,分析了高抗自交系齐139和敏感自交系昌7-2在活性氧代谢上的差异。结果表明：SO2胁迫处理3h后,高抗系齐139幼苗叶片积累了较高的O2-和H2O2,12h后被迅速清除而趋于平衡;而高感系昌7-2叶片在胁迫早期产生的O2-和H2O2较少,后期有大量的O2-和H2O2积累,导致细胞损伤。抗氧化酶SOD和CAT在抗性系中显著升高,而敏感系中增幅不显著。这一研究表明不同抗性系中活性氧代谢的差异可能与其对SO2的抗性密切相关。