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21.
Spatial welfare heterogeneity is frequently modeled within stated preference analysis as a function of discrete or continuous distance between households and affected resources. A common example is distance-decay analysis. Although distance-based models such as these are easily estimated, the ubiquity of this paradigm can lead to analyses that overlook other forms of analysis with equal or greater relevance. This paper develops an alternative approach to spatial heterogeneity in stated preference willingness to pay (WTP) based on the quantity or area of an affected resource surrounding each respondent at an optimized distance band or radius, with distance bands optimized using a grid-search algorithm that maximizes model likelihood. Methods and results are illustrated using a choice experiment on riparian land restoration in Maine, USA. The resulting quantity-within-distance model identifies systematic spatial patterns that are undetectable using distance-based analysis and directly relevant for welfare analysis. 相似文献
22.
Potential mechanisms for the communication of height and distance by a stingless bee, Melipona panamica 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This study investigates the recruitment communication mechanisms of a stingless bee, Melipona panamica, whose foragers can evidently communicate the three-dimensional location of a good food source. To determine if the bees
communicate location information inside or outside the nest, we conducted removal experiments by training marked foragers
to one of two identical feeders and then separating these experienced foragers from potential recruits as they left the nest.
The feeders were positioned to test the communication of each dimension. The results show that recruits do not simply follow
experienced foragers to the food source. Height and distance are communicated within the nest, while direction is communicated
outside the nest. We then examined the pulsed sounds produced by recruiting foragers. While unloading food, recruiting foragers
produced several short pulses and one or more very long pulses. On average, the longest unloading pulse per performance was
31–50% longer (P ≤ 0.018) for bees foraging on the forest floor than for bees foraging at the top of the forest canopy (40 m high). While
dancing, recruiting foragers produced sound pulses whose duration was positively correlated with the distance to the food
source (P < 0.001). Dancing recruiters also produced several short sound pulses followed by one or more long pulses. The longest dance
pulse per performance was 291 ± 194 ms for a feeder 25 m from the nest and 1858 ± 923 ms for a feeder 360 m away from the
nest. The mechanism of directional communication remains a mystery. However, the direction removal experiment demonstrates
that newcomers cannot use forager-deposited scent marks for long-distance orientation (>100 m from the nest).
Received: 25 September 1997 / Accepted after revision: 31 May 1998 相似文献
23.
24.
A GIS Approach to Model Sediment Reduction Susceptibility of Mixed Sand and Gravel Beaches 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The morphological form of mixed sand and gravel beaches is distinct, and the process/response system and complex dynamics
of these beaches are not well understood. Process response models developed for pure sand or gravel beaches cannot be directly
applied to these beaches. The Canterbury Bight coastline is apparently abundantly supplied with sediments from large rivers
and coastal alluvial cliffs, but a large part of this coastline is experiencing long-term erosion. Sediment budget models
provide little evidence to suggest sediments are stored within this system. Current sediment budget models inadequately quantify
and account for the processes responsible for the patterns of erosion and accretion of this coastline. We outline a new method
to extrapolate from laboratory experiments to the field using a geographical information system approach to model sediment
reduction susceptibility for the Canterbury Bight. Sediment samples from ten representative sites were tumbled in a concrete
mixer for an equivalent distance of 40 km. From the textural mixture and weight loss over 40 km tumbling, we applied regression
techniques to generate a predictive equation for Sediment Reduction Susceptibility (SRS). We used Inverse Distance Weighting
(IDW) to extrapolate the results from fifty-five sites with data on textural sediment composition to field locations with
no data along the Canterbury Bight, creating a continuous sediment reductions susceptibility surface. Isolines of regular
SRS intervals were then derived from the continuous surface to create a contour map of sediment reductions susceptibility
for the Canterbury Bight. Results highlighted the variability in SRS along this coastline. 相似文献
25.
Using a panel of observations from the US electric utility industry, we analyze the output set frontiers that are produced by modeling the technology with different functional forms. Our specifications rely on a series of mapping regimes, based on the paths in which the outputs are scaled toward the frontier, and their outcomes are assessed against the general axiomatic framework of the production model. We demonstrate that different parameterization methodologies produce different empirical analogues of the output set and, as a consequence, can generate rather different estimates of the shadow prices of socially undesirable outputs, or 'bads,' as well. We benchmark our results by assessing the shadow price estimates, often interpreted as the opportunity cost of pollution reduction, against the market prices of pollution permits. The outcomes of our analysis suggest that the estimate of the output set boundary varies with the choice of a parameterization technique, which provides a possible explanation for the sizeable differences between the shadow prices of bads reported in the literature. We also demonstrate that among a variety of existing parametric methodologies no single technique is superior to all others. 相似文献
26.
MEDV描述子预测取代芳烃类化合物的藻毒性 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以分子电性距离矢量(MEDV)描述子有效表征43个取代芳烃类化合物的分子结构,应用基于预测变量的选择与模型化(VMSP)方法,建立化合物的封闭体系绿藻(Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)毒性(48 h EC50)与其分子结构之间的定量相关(QSTR)模型. 应用多元线性回归方法建立的QSTR模型具有较高的相关系数(r0.891 1)及LOO(Leave-One-Out)检验相关系数(q0.810 2),表明该模型具有良好的估计能力与稳定性. 应用28个化合物的训练集样本构建QSTR模型预测外部检验集,结果表明,训练集模型也具有良好的预测能力. 相似文献
27.
Carmen Reyes-Alcubilla Miguel A. Ruiz Joaquín Ortega-Escobar 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(4):485-494
Previous studies on the homing of the wolf spider Lycosa tarantula have shown that it is carried out by path integration. Animals using this mechanism must measure the distance walked and
the angles turned. This study aims to understand if wolf spider L. tarantula is able to estimate the walked distance in an outward path. As this information is more likely obtained by proprioceptive
mechanisms, active or passive displacements have been performed. An active locomotion was found essential to estimate distances.
During passive locomotion, spiders searched for their burrows near the release point while when displaced actively the inbound
journey was longer than the outbound one. The possible use of visual landmarks near the burrow was also tested as a cue to
complete the inbound journey. Our results did not show that L. tarantula used these visual landmarks to find the burrow. L. tarantula seems to use only proprioceptive information obtained during the outbound path to estimate the distance traveled. 相似文献