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101.
J.N. Cape L.J. van der Eerden I.D. Leith 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(3):1033-1037
The current critical level for ammonia (CLENH3) in Europe is set at 8 μg NH3 m−3 as an annual average concentration. Recent evidence has shown specific effects of ammonia (NH3) on plant community composition (a true ecological effect) at much smaller concentrations. The methods used in setting a CLENH3 are reviewed, and the available evidence collated, in proposing a new CLENH3 for different types of vegetation. For lichens and bryophytes, we propose a new CLENH3 of 1 μg NH3 m−3 as a long-term (several year) average concentration; for higher plants, there is less evidence, but we propose a CLENH3 of 3 ± 1 μg NH3 m−3 for herbaceous species. There is insufficient evidence to provide a separate CLENH3 for forest trees, but the value of 3 ± 1 μg NH3 m−3 is likely to exceed the empirical critical load for N deposition for most forest ecosystems. 相似文献
102.
CO2 transportation for carbon capture and storage: Sublimation of carbon dioxide from a dry ice bank
Alberto Mazzoldi Tim Hill Jeremy J. Colls 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2008,2(2):210-218
Climate change is being caused by greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is of interest to the scientific community as one way of achieving significant global reductions of atmospheric CO2 emissions in the medium term. CO2 would be captured from large stationary sources such as power plants and transported via pipelines under high pressure conditions to underground storage. If a downward leakage from a surface transportation system module occurs, the CO2 would undergo a large temperature reduction and form a bank of “dry ice” on the ground surface; the sublimation of the gas from this bank represents an area source term for subsequent atmospheric dispersion, with an emission rate dependent on the energy balance at the bank surface. Gaseous CO2 is denser than air and tends to remain close to the surface; it is an asphyxiant, a cerebral vasodilator and at high concentrations causes rapid circulatory insufficiency leading to coma and death. Hence a subliming bank of dry ice represents safety hazard. A model is presented for evaluating the energy balance and sublimation rate at the surface of a solid frozen CO2 bank under different environmental conditions. The results suggest that subliming gas behaves as a proper dense gas (i.e. it remains close to the ground surface) only for low ambient wind speeds. 相似文献
103.
Total gaseous mercury (Hg) (TGM), gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM), and particulate-bound Hg (PBM) concentrations and dry depositions were measured at an urban site in central Taiwan. The concentrations were 6.14 ± 3.91 ng m−3, 332 ± 153, and 71.1 ± 46.1 pg m−3, respectively. These results demonstrate high Hg pollution at the ground level in Taiwan. A back trajectory plot shows the sources of the high TGM concentration were in the low atmosphere (<500 m) and approximately 50% of the air masses coming from upper troposphere (>500 m) were associated with low TGM concentrations. This finding implies that Hg is trapped in the low atmosphere and comes from local Hg emission sources. The conditional probability function (CPF) reveals that the plumes of high TGM concentrations come from the south and northwest of the site. The plume from the south comes from two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). However, no significant Hg point source is located to the northwest of the site; therefore, the plumes from the northwest are hypothesized to be related to the combustion of agricultural waste. Dry deposition fluxes of Hg measured at this site considerably exceeded those measured in North America. Overall, this area is regarded as a highly Hg contaminated area because of local Hg emission sources. 相似文献
104.
Delucchi F Tombesi NB Freije RH Marcovecchio JE 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,132(1-3):445-451
Systematic measurements of both Tributyltin (TBT) and Dibutyltin (DBT) in sediments along different locations in the inner
zone of Bahía Blanca estuary were done. Two samples were taken near the main dry dock facility, at Puerto Belgrano naval base,
in Argentina. TBT concentrations from non-detected to 170.3 ng Sn g−1 were measured in the inner region of the estuary, and higher one of 3,288 ng Sn g−1 near the dry dock at Puerto Belgrano. DBT values ranging between non-detected and 75.2 ng Sn g−1 were obtained along the principal channel, but extreme concentration of 1,645 ng Sn g−1 was measured at Puerto Belgrano. These values show that this estuary is affected by organotin pollution, mainly in areas
of heavy shipyard activities. 相似文献
105.
Davide Papurello Andrea Lanzini Pierluigi Leone Massimo Santarelli Silvia Silvestri 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(11):2047-2056
The present work investigates electricity production using a high efficiency electrochemical generator that employs as fuel a biogas from the dry anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW).The as-produced biogas contains several contaminants (sulfur, halogen, organic silicon and aromatic compounds) that can be harmful for the fuel cell: these were monitored via an innovative mass spectrometry technique that enables for in-line and real-time quantification.A cleaning trap with activated carbons for the removal of sulfur and other VOCs contained in the biogas was also tested and monitored by observing the different breakthrough times of studied contaminants.The electrochemical generator was a commercial Ni anode-supported planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), tested for more than 300 h with a simulated biogas mixture (CH4 60 vol.%, CO2 40 vol.%), directly fed to the anode electrode. Air was added to promote the direct internal conversion of CH4 to H2 and CO via partial oxidation (POx).The initial breakthrough of H2S from the cleaning section was also simulated and tested by adding ~1 ppm(v) of sulfur in the anode feed; a full recovery of the fuel cell performance after 24 h of sulfur exposure (~1 ppm(v)) was observed upon its removal, indicating the reliable time of anode exposure to sulfur in case of exhausted guard bed. 相似文献
106.
In today’s flush based urban sanitation systems, toilets are connected to both the centralized water and wastewater infrastructures. This approach is not a sustainable use of our water and energy resources. In addition, in the U.S., there is a shortfall in funding for maintenance and upgrade of the water and wastewater infrastructures. The goal of this paper was to review the current knowledge on composting toilets since this technology is decentralized, requires no water, creates a value product (fertilizer) and can possibly reduce the burden on the current infrastructure as a sustainable sanitation approach. We found a large variety of composting toilet designs and categorized the different types of toilets as being self contained or central; single or multi chamber; waterless or with water/foam flush, electric or non-electric, and no-mix or combined collection. Factors reported as affecting the composting process and their optimum values were identified as; aeration, moisture content (50–60%), temperature (40–65 °C), carbon to nitrogen ratio (25–35), pH (5.5–8.0), and porosity (35–50%). Mass and energy balance models have been created for the composting process. However there is a literature gap in the use of this knowledge in design and operation of composting toilets. To evaluate the stability and safety of compost for use as fertilizer, various methods are available and the temperature–time criterion approach is the most common one used. There are many barriers to the use of composting toilets in urban settings including public acceptance, regulations, and lack of knowledge and experience in composting toilet design and operation and program operation. 相似文献
107.
108.
The hazardous sludge disposal process in the form of landfills requires the determination inter alia of the flammable and explosion properties of dried sewage sludge dust, which has the ability to ignite and spontaneously combust when stored in silos. At a constant furnace surface temperature, the minimum ignition temperature of the sludge dust layer with a layer thickness of 5 mm is 270 °C, and for a layer thickness of 12.5 mm it is 250 °C. Two selected fire extinguishing powders for Class A, B, C and D fires were used in the study to determine the possibility of reducing the susceptibility of dried wastewater to ignition from heated surface, self-ignition and explosion parameters. The most effective extinguishing powder was ABC Favorit, which increased the value of the minimum ignition temperature of the layer (5 mm thick) to 360 °C and the spontaneous ignition temperature of the sludge with this powder increased by 22 °C at 169.6 cm3 in comparison to the sludge without extinguishing powder, respectively. The lowest self-ignition temperature of 136 °C was recorded for the largest tested volume (169.6 cm3) for dried sewage dust without any fire extinguishing powders. The biggest values of pmax and (dp/dt)max dried sewage dust were recorded 4.8 bar and 113 bar/s respectively. By analysing the obtained test results, it can be assumed that dried sewage dust is a combustible material with properties similar to biomass. 相似文献
109.
采用共沉淀-浸渍法制备了不同载体结构的Co/Al2O3、Co/MgO(25)-Al2O3(75) (Co/M1A3-Spinel)、Co/MgO(75)-Al2O3(25) (Co/M3A1-Solid)和Co/MgO催化剂,用于CO2氧化乙烷脱氢(ODEC)和乙烷干重整(DRE)反应.XRD、Raman、H2-TPR、XPS表征结果表明,载体结构显著影响催化剂上Co物种的落位、结构和还原性能.Co3+和Co2+在C2H6/CO2反应气氛中可相互转化,促进C2H6和CO2活化;尖晶石结构中的Co物种比固溶体中的Co物种可还原性强,在高温ODEC反应条件下,催化剂表面的Co物种会被还原成Co0,协同Co3+/Co2+导致C—C键和/或CC键断裂,使得反应路径向DRE转变.MgO基固溶体结构中Co物种与载体相互作用更强,在高温ODEC反应中避免了被大量还原为低价态的Co0,ODEC反应可稳定进行. 相似文献
110.