The lichen-rich coastal heath vegetation on the isle of Anholt, Denmark — conservation and management

The high conservational value of the lichen-rich vegetation and landscape of the marine foreland Ørkenen on the isle of Anholt is treated from a Danish as well as a European perspective. The sensitivity of the lichen-rich vegetation to physical disturbance is emphasized. The impact of invasive species such asPinus mugo as well as the effect of atmospheric deposition of nutrients on the heaths at Anholt is described. Considerations related to the development of a management plan for Ørkenen are presented.     

大落差原油管道投产充水过程研究

为了探究大落差管道充水投产过程中存在的不满流及低点超压问题,以中缅原油管道怒江跨越段为例（其最大高差达1 480 m）,基于OLGA多相流瞬态模拟方法,对大落差原油管道充水过程进行仿真研究,重点分析到达管道不同低点位置的最大速度、压力及相应持液率,得到不同输量条件下不同低点位置的水流速度、压力及持液率随时间变化规律。结果表明:当输量为900~2 000 m3/h时该管道中存在的段塞流概率降低57%,同时减少了管压波动以及对管道和设备的破坏,提高了管道输送效率。     

Hydrogeology of a restored coastal dune system in northeastern Scotland

This paper reports the results of 12 years of hydrological monitoring at the St. Fergus dune system in northeastern Scotland. The site is adjacent to the UK’s largest gas terminal and the dunes are crossed in five places by North Sea gas pipelines which were constructed between 1976 and 1990. These are buried beneath the dune system which was restored after pipeline installation. The dunes include a substantial freshwater wetland which is seasonally flooded and provides an important habitat for waterfowl. The hydrogeology of the site is characterized and the hydrogeological processes that sustain this wetland feature are considered including recent climatic fluctuations.     

Response of vegetation and soil ecosystem to mowing and sod removal in the coastal dunes ‘Zwanenwater’, the Netherlands

This paper investigates the effects of mowing and sod removal on vegetation, soil mesofauna and soil profile, and the restoration of these features in the years following sod removal. The sampling site is located in a primary wet dune slack in the northern part of the province of North-Holland. The original vegetation is a heathland withEmpetrum nigrum andCalluna vulgaris, underlain by a Gleyic Arenosol with an O, Ah and (B) horizon development. Above-ground, the vegetation in the dune slack has been mown since 1940. The sod was removed from restricted areas in the slack at various times in the past (1980, 1985, 1987 and 1991). All three sources of data point to adaptation to wet conditions after mowing and sod removal. The vegetation of the mown area is related to the vegetation in the original heathland, although some species appear to have disappeared. Below-ground, mowing drastically reduces the number and depth of occurrence of microarthropoda. Restriction of depth applies also to the Enchytraeidae. Soil profile development is restricted to an Ah-AC-Cr sequence. Species diversity both above and below-ground is relatively high in plots where the sod has recently been cut, due to the rapid colonization by the first pioneer species. A time series for the vegetation is difficult to establish because hydrological conditions interfere with years since sod removal. Soil profile evolution after sod cutting is poor but consistent, from an AC-Cr sequence since 1991, to an O-Ah-Cr sequence since 1980. The management practices were set up with the intention to interrupt the succession to give pioneer species a chance. Neither the vegetation, nor the soil fauna or soil profile have fully recovered during the 13 yr since the first sod removal. So the goal has been reached.     

Vegetation development in coastal foredunes in relation to methods of establishing marram grass ( Ammophila arenaria )

In coastal foredunes marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) is used to stabilize windblown sand. The development of traditionally plantedAmmophila into a more natural foredune vegetation may take 5–10 yr. For economic reasons, traditional planting may be replaced by alternative techniques such as planting seeds or disk-harrowing rhizome fragments. In this paper, we compare the initial vegetation development of traditionally planted stands with stands established from seeds and from rhizomes. The experiments were conducted on an artificial foredune originating from dredged sea sand. The total experimental area covered more than 100 ha and the vegetation development was studied for 6 yr. The data were analysed bya priori grouping of plant species according to their ecology, as well as by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Redundancy Analysis (RA) of the percentage ground cover per plant species. Comparing ecological groups of plants showed that all planting methods delivered equal numbers of plant species that are indicative for coastal dunes. PCA and RA showed that methods based on the use of rhizome material resulted in a higher percentage cover of clonal perennials (Calammophila baltica, Festuca rubra ssp.arenaria, Carex arenaria andCirsium arvense) than the traditionally planted stands and the stands obtained from seeds. The latter two were characterized by the dominance of annuals, bi-annuals and (mostly nonrhizomatous) perennials. Initially, the rates of succession were highest in the stands obtained from rhizomes. However, after 3–6 yr there were no differences between the various stands. During the first four years, the percentage cover by rhizomatous foredune plants developed faster than that of annuals, bi-annuals and perennials. After 6 yr, the latter contributed almost as much to the percentage cover as the clonal species.     

乌鲁木齐市机动车排污检测/维修体系探讨

机动车排污检测/维修体系的改进和提高，实施检测/维修制度是在用车辆排污治理最有效、最合理、最经济的办法。本文就如何确定适合本地的检测标准、改进检测方法、提高维修技术及完善管理体系等有关方面作初步探讨。     

Firm ownership structure impact on corporate social responsibility: evidence from austerity U.K.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an increasingly important sustainable development issue in U.K. The main contribution of this study is to examine how firm ownership structure impacts good corporate governance and CSR in U.K. during austerity conditions. Following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the U.K. government introduced austerity conditions which impacted firm CSR activities. From the initial sample of more than 250 firms, 50 consistently remain listed on the FTSE4good index during 2008–2012 and are analysed. The definition of CSR distinguishes voluntary and mandatory CSR construct. Findings indicate Board ownership structure and satisfactory firm performance impact on the level of voluntary CSR. Board ownership results suggest increased institutional and non-CEO shareholdings support a higher level of voluntary CSR engagement, whilst increased CEO shareholdings lead to a lower level of investment in voluntary CSR. In terms of satisfactory firm performance, results suggest positive attainment discrepancy supports a higher level of voluntary CSR, whereas greater potential organisational slack leads to a lower level of voluntary CSR investment. Effective governance and voluntary CSR association is more pronounced under conditions of high attainment discrepancy and low organisational slack. The findings suggest implications for adapting firm decision-making latitude and government policy between austerity and prosperity conditions.     

Monitoring morphological changes along the coast of Huelva (SW Spain) using soft-copy photogrammetry and GIS

This contribution deals with the use of different sources of data (field surveys with total station and GPS, air photographs and topographic maps) as well as their integrated digital treatment in a GIS context to quantify the morphological changes in a ridge of coastal dunes in the southwest of Spain. The results show very high and increm enting rates of foredune retreat significant losses of foredune surface and a clear negative sedimentary balance (lowering and inland migration) in its recent evolution (1979–1996). Two processes can explain this evolution: (1) marine erosion and (2) the reactivation of aeolian deflation. The combined use of GPS (code/phase) and soft-copy photogrammetry seem to provide the best for monitoring future changes.