用“条件”水分平衡法分析湖北省干旱的时空分布规律

从“条件”水分平衡角度和农业生产实际情况出发，提出了一个综合考虑水分盈亏和同期作物需水量的干旱指标，并用此指标分析了湖北省１９６１－１９９０年３０年来的主要干旱类型的时空分布规律及对农业生产的影响。     

地方政府土地出让策略互动行为的检验及其影响分析

本文以山东省设区市地方政府土地出让行为作为研究对象,通过构建空间面板模型,从价格和数量两个维度,全面检验了地方政府商服、住宅、工业用地出让的策略互动行为,并利用空间计量工具,分析了地方政府土地出让策略互动行为的影响。研究发现:(1)山东省内地方政府商服、住宅、工业用地出让价格以及工业用地出让量存在显著的策略互动,地方政府的商服、住宅、工业用地出让价格以及工业用地出让量,不仅会受城市自身情况的约束,还会受邻近地区地方政府土地出让行为的影响,外在表现为你涨我跌、你增我减的反向变动格局;(2)由于未考虑策略互动,传统计量经济学非空间面板模型对地方政府土地出让行为影响因素的估计普遍存在偏误。对于商服用地出让价格,第三产业比重、人口密度的影响分别被低估了33.33%、13.08%;对于住宅用地出让价格,人口城镇化率、人均可支配收入的影响分别被低估了20.00%、9.98%,人口密度的影响被高估了32.34%;对于工业用地出让价格,人均外商直接投资的影响被高估了3.68%;对于工业用地出让量,第二产业比重、地均工业产值的影响分别被高估了13.95%、31.36%;(3)地方政府土地出让行为的影响因素普遍存在明显的空间溢出效应。对于商服用地出让价格,具有空间溢出效应的影响因素为人口密度;对于住宅用地出让价格,具有空间溢出效应的影响因素为人口城镇化率、人口密度、人均可支配收入;对于工业用地出让价格,具有空间溢出效应的影响因素为人均外商直接投资、地均固定资产投资;对于工业用地出让量,具有空间溢出效应的影响因素为第二产业比重、地均固定资产投资。     

长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属的空间分异及控制机制

利用盐酸羟氨-25%醋酸溶液,提取了长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属含量。研究发现,长江口潮滩沉积物中活性重金属占总量的百分含量依次为Cu 26%,Pb 36%,Fe 7%,Mn 49%,Zn 32%,Cr 14%和Al 16%,沉积物基本未受到Cr污染,其余重金属污染程度处于中等偏下水平。除Zn、Cr外,其余活性重金属在夏季沉积物中的含量明显低于春季,其主要原因是夏季风暴潮将大量细颗粒泥沙及其富集的重金属带离潮滩进入了河口水体中。受点源污染排放及沉积物粒度影响,活性重金属在长江口南岸的浒浦、顾路和浦东机场出现峰值含量,且高潮滩含量明显高于中、低潮滩。在垂向上,重金属一般在沉积物表层或亚表层形成富集。在口门附近的滨岸潮滩沉积物中,Cu、Pb的空间分异主要受早期成岩作用的控制,在污染较为严重、水动力作用相对较弱的潮滩沉积物中,Cu、Pb的空间分异主要受沉积物中有机质含量变化的控制.     

武汉城市圈空间结构演化及影响研究

武汉城市圈是我国资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设的重点示范区,是中部崛起战略实施的重要支点。但就现阶段的发展情况来看,武汉城市圈在空间结构方面存在一些问题,制约了城市圈的总体发展。采用两方面的方法对武汉城市圈的空间结构展开研究。一方面,利用数理分析确定武汉城市圈的城市职能等级体系;另一方面,利用针对历史建成区的图面分析和方格网分析确定城市圈空间结构的演化历程。结合两方面的研究结论,将武汉城市圈的空间结构确定为单核模式,即由一个较大的核心城市和若干个组团城市结合而成的空间结构模式。单核模式有利于培育强有力的核心城市,突出核心城市的辐射带动作用,但不利于组团城市的扩张和城市圈的总体长远发展。在此基础上,提出了优化武汉城市圈空间结构的初步设想,包括联合一些组团城市建设发展中心,突出一些组团城市特色功能等     

四湖流域水环境污染现状空间分布和污染源分析

四湖流域水环境恶化已影响到当地生产和群众生活,亟待对四湖流域的水环境污染现状进行调查与评估。于2010年春季在四湖流域的主要湖泊以及四湖总干渠进行了水质现场监测和水样采集,共采集了84个样点,每个样点测定了12项水质指标,并对测定结果中四湖流域总氮、总磷、高锰酸钾指数等水质指标的空间分布进行了分析。分析结果表明:四湖流域的两个主要湖泊,长湖和洪湖均受到不同程度的污染,长湖为重度污染,洪湖为轻度污染,从长湖流入总干渠中的水质多为中性或略偏碱性,总磷、总氮含量超标几倍到几十倍,在靠近长湖的总干渠上游段为重度污染,靠近洪湖的总干渠下游段为轻度污染。各水质指标浓度总体趋势上,长湖的要大于总干渠,总干渠的大于西干渠,西干渠的大于洪湖。     

长三角地区城市土地利用集约度区域分异研究

土地短缺逐渐成为制约长三角地区经济迅速发展的关键要素。集约利用土地,不断提高城市土地利用效率,是解决长三角地区土地资源稀缺。缓解人地关系矛盾的必然选择。从土地利用强度．产出效率、生态效益、可持续利用程度四方面阐释城市土地利用集约度内涵．以此构建适合长三角地区城市土地利用集约度评价的指标体系,同时运用GIS空间分析方法与技术对评价结果进行空间分异研究。并分析差异产生原因。结果表明：①长三角地区城市土地利用集约度水平差距较大。区位条件和经济发展水平是影响长三角地区城市土地利用集约度的重要因素。②长三角地区城市土地利用集约程度由北向南呈现明显的空间梯度差异特征。在空闾分布上具有微弱的正相关性。空间分异格局明显。③各城市土地集约利用中存在的问题不尽相同,须予以针对性改善提高。     

北斗导航终端设备可靠性加速试验与快速评价技术研究

针对北斗导航终端设备开展传统可靠性试验时间长、成本高,难以实现在短期内完成高可靠性指标考核的现状,借鉴加速试验建模技术和相关标准的加速模型参数,进行北斗导航整机可靠性加速建模,设计加速试验剖面和方案,预先评估出北斗导航终端设备的加速因子,通过一组样品即可完成北斗导航的加速试验,实现对北斗导航终端设备高可靠性指标的快速评估。     

Benchmarking Optical/Thermal Satellite Imagery for Estimating Evapotranspiration and Soil Moisture in Decision Support Tools

Generally, one expects evapotranspiration (ET) maps derived from optical/thermal Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery to improve decision support tools and lead to superior decisions regarding water resources management. However, there is lack of supportive evidence to accept or reject this expectation. We “benchmark” three existing hydrologic decision support tools with the following benchmarks: annual ET for the ET Toolbox developed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation, predicted rainfall‐runoff hydrographs for the Gridded Surface/Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis model developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the average annual groundwater recharge for the Distributed Parameter Watershed Model used by Daniel B. Stephens & Associates. The conclusion of this benchmark study is that the use of NASA/USGS optical/thermal satellite imagery can considerably improve hydrologic decision support tools compared to their traditional implementations. The benefits of improved decision making, resulting from more accurate results of hydrologic support systems using optical/thermal satellite imagery, should substantially exceed the costs for acquiring such imagery and implementing the remote sensing algorithms. In fact, the value of reduced error in estimating average annual groundwater recharge in the San Gabriel Mountains, California alone, in terms of value of water, may be as large as $1 billion, more than sufficient to pay for one new Landsat satellite.     

Temporal Trends in the Spatial Distribution of Impervious Cover Relative to Stream Location

Use of impervious cover is transitioning from an indicator of surface water condition to one that also guides and informs watershed planning and management, including Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §1251 et seq.) reporting. Whether it is for understanding surface water condition or planning and management, impervious cover is most commonly expressed as summary measurement (e.g., percentage watershed in impervious cover). We use the National Land Cover Database to estimate impervious cover in the vicinity of surface waters for three time periods (2001, 2006, 2011). We also compare impervious cover in the vicinity of surface waters to watershed summary estimates of impervious cover for classifying the spatial pattern of impervious cover. Between 2001 and 2011, surface water shorelines (streams and water bodies) in the vicinity of impervious cover increased nearly 10,000 km. Across all time periods, approximately 27% of the watersheds in the continental United States had proximally distributed impervious cover, i.e., the percentage of impervious cover in the vicinity of surface waters was higher than its watershed summary expression. We discuss how impervious cover spatial pattern can be used to inform watershed planning and management, including reporting under the Clean Water Act.     

Applying Statistical Causal Analyses to Agricultural Conservation: A Case Study Examining P Loss Impacts

Estimating the effect of agricultural conservation practices on reducing nutrient loss using observational data can be confounded by factors such as differing crop types and management practices. As we may not have the full knowledge of these confounding factors, conventional statistical meta‐analysis methods can be misleading. We discuss the use of two statistical causal analysis methods for quantifying the effects of water and soil conservation practices in reducing P loss from agricultural fields. With the propensity score method, a subset of data was used to form a treatment group and a control group with similar distributions of confounding factors. With the multilevel modeling method, data were stratified based on important confounding factors, and the conservation practice effect was evaluated for each stratum. Both methods resulted in similar estimates of the conservation practice effect (total P load reduction avg. ~70%). In addition, both methods show evidence of conservation practices reducing the incremental increase in total P export per unit increase in fertilizer application. These results are presented as examples of the types of outcomes provided by statistical causal analyses, not to provide definitive estimates of P loss reduction. The enhanced meta‐analysis methods presented within are applicable for improved assessment of agricultural practices and their effects and can be used for providing realistic parameter values for watershed‐scale modeling.