辽宁省农用地质量空间分布格局及影响因素研究

采用GIS技术、地统计学分析和景观生态学方法对辽宁省农用地质量的空间分布规律及其多样性、均匀度、集中度、优势度等进行研究,结果表明：辽宁省农用地质量的区域分异明显,等别表现出由辽西低山丘陵区和辽东山地丘陵区向中部平原区的递增规律。探讨农用地质量空间格局的影响因素,发现农用地自然质量空间分布格局主要受到地带性因素与大尺度的非地带性因素的控制,农用地利用质量和经济质量空间分布格局受到人类活动的影响显著。     

云南地区种子植物区系属的多度及区系过渡性的空间分布格局

植物区系地理分布格局的研究有助于更好地理解植物区系的起源、迁移和分化。研究利用覆盖云南地区全境的植物区系分布信息,探讨了云南地区植物区系属的多度及区系过渡性的地理分布格局。结果表明,所有热带区系属的多度均随着纬度升高呈递减趋势;大多数温带区系属的多度随着纬度的升高呈递增趋势。中亚分布（T13）属的多度的高值主要出现在滇西北地区,尤其是在金沙江、澜沧江和怒江的上游地区,但在其它地区十分少见。地中海、西亚至中亚分布（T12）属的多度的高值也出现在滇西北地区,但在其它地区无明显空间分布规律;中国特有分布（T15）属在滇西北地区最为丰富,其次是滇东南地区,大致以“田中线”为界,界线以西地区的中国植物特有属的多度明显低于界线以东地区。从南到北,植物区系过渡性基本上呈单调递增格局,这一格局的形成可能与区系成分的迁移和地形格局有关。大理州以南的低海拔地区,热带区系成分占据主导地位,并占据了云南大部分的土地面积,这在一定程度上证实了云南地区总体上是一个“热带山原”的假说。本研究与其它研究的不同可能源于与源数据和取样尺度的差异。     

潜流人工湿地理化性质及不同形态氮素的空间分布

对潜流人工湿地系统的可溶解氧、pH、氧化还原电位以及水温等理化因子和不同形态氮素的空间分布进行了较全面研究。结果表明,潜流人工湿地上部溶解氧高于下部;湿地下部pH较小,主要在6.9～7.2之间;氧化还原电位表现为上部前端氧化,下部后端还原;湿地装置内下部温度总体比上部要高,前端表现得尤其明显;湿地前端上部是COD和氨氮降解的主要场所,在前端下部区域硝氮的浓度低而亚硝氮、氨氮的浓度相对较高;湿地系统中亚硝氮含量较低,仅在前端中下部有所积累;总氮浓度在湿地前端较高而后端较低,其去除率在根本上依赖于反硝化作用的强度。     

区域农田生态系统生产力的时空格局及其影响因子研究——以山东省为例

在统计数据的基础上,以山东省为例,利用模型量化了农田生态系统净初级生产力（NPP）,并研究了农田生态系统NPP的时空格局及其影响因素。研究发现,2000—2006年间,山东省农田生态系统NPP在时间序列上整体呈上升的趋势,由2000年的476.5g·m-2·a-1（以C计）上升到2006年的544.2g·m-2·a-1（以C计）。空间格局中以鲁东、鲁中和鲁南较高,鲁西南和鲁北较低。各地市中以枣庄最高,为691g·m-2·a-1（以C计）;东营最低,约424.4g·m-2·a-1（以C计）。另外,莱芜、临沂及菏泽等地也相对偏低。通过对影响农田生态系统NPP的自然因子和人为因子分别进行主成分分析发现：气候因子中对山东省农田生态系统NPP贡献最大的为降水;人为因子中以农膜的贡献最大,其次为农药、机械、化肥,而劳动力的贡献则随着科技的发展而降低,人口密度的过大对农田生态系统生产力具有较大的负面影响。     

不同空间配置的湿地植物群落对生活污水的净化作用研究

植物是湿地生态系统的重要组分,湿地湖滨植物群落物种组成和空间格局对湿地水体净化功能具有重要作用。选择茭草（Zizania caduciflora）、野菱（Trapa incisa）、金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum）和蓖齿眼子菜（Potamogeton pectinatus）等4种云南高原湿地常见湖滨带植物物种,以不同配置方式分别构建4种不同植物群落：茭草-金鱼藻-金鱼藻（Z-C-C）、茭草-野菱-金鱼藻（Z-T-C）、茭草-蓖齿眼子菜-蓖齿眼子菜（Z-P-P）、和茭草-蓖齿眼子菜-金鱼藻（Z-P-C）,对不同植物群落净化污水的效果进行对比研究。结果表明：4种不同植物群落人工湿地对生活污水净化效果不同,经过Z-C-C群落处理后水体的COD降低率为（50.56±1.98）%,显著低于Z-T-C群落（69.66±4.15）%、Z-P-P群落（64.29±1.05）%,Z-P-C群落（66.67±1.13）%,（P〈0.05）;经过Z-T-C群落处理后水体TN降低率为（24.69±4.64）%,显著低于Z-C-C群落（53.29±0.71）%、Z-P-P群落（53.36±2.04）%、Z-P-C群落（54.44±0.29）%,（P〈0.05）;各群落对NH4＋-N去除率有显著差异（P〈0.05）,分别为（71.77±0.37）%,（67.22±0.53）%,（69.22±0.13）%,（80.85±0.31）%。研究表明：3种植物配置模式对生活污水的净化效果比2种植物配置模式的好;适当增加沉水植物的配置比例,可提高人工湿地对氮的去除效果;根系发达的植物具有更强的净化效果。     

Human Performance Cognitive-Behavioral Modeling: A Benefit for Occupational Safety

Human Performance Modeling (HPM) is a computer-aided job analysis software methodology used to generate predictions of complex humanautomation integration and system flow patterns with the goal of improving operator and system safety. The use of HPM tools has recently been increasing due to reductions in computational cost, augmentations in the tool’s fidelity, and usefulness in the generated output. An examination of an Air Man-machine Integration Design and Analysis System (Air MIDAS) model evaluating complex human-automation integration currently underway at NASA Ames Research Center will highlight the importance to occupational safety of considering both cognitive and physical aspects of performance when researching human error.     

Force-Velocity Characteristics of Individual Human Skeletal Muscles: TBCIat and TBCIong. Outline of the Method

The aim of the work is to outline a procedure of finding force-velocity (F–V) characteristics (F = f(V)) of individual skeletal muscles of the human locomotor system. The presentation is based on an example concerning extensors of the elbow joint: the lateral and long heads of triceps brachii (TBCIat and TBCIong). The experimental part of the procedure involves a natural movement of using the upper extremity to push an external object of variable, adjustable load, engaging both the elbow and shoulder joint.

Five men aged 23 took part in the experiment. Their task was to push the handle of a physical pendulum whose moment of inertia could be adjusted within the range of 58 kg m²-450 kg m², so as to give it maximum angular velocity. During each trial the movement of the trunk, of the upper extremity and of the pendulum was video recorded and the force applied with the hand to the handle of the pendulum was measured.

In order to find the F–V characteristics a simulation model SHOULDER was used, which is capable of solving the synergy problem for muscles of the arm and the shoulder girdle.

It was found that despite considerable dispersion of experimental points the respective regression lines revealed a clear tendency of decreasing muscle force for increased shortening velocity of the monoarticular head (TBCIat) and of increasing muscle force for increased lengthening velocity of the biarticular head (TBCIong) of the triceps brachii muscle.     

A System for Measuring Vertical Concentration Profiles of Gaseous Pollutants,Using Carbon Dioxide as a Case Study

An electronically-controlled sampling system, characterised by its organ pipe design, has been developed for sampling air sequentially, at different heights within the breathing zone. Data are automatically logged at the different receptor levels, for the determination of the average vertical concentration profile of gaseous pollutants. The system has been coupled to a carbon dioxide monitor and used in a brief study of the spatial and temporal variation of indoor carbon dioxide concentration. The system can easily be extended for different heights or modified for use with other types of gas monitor. The results of a trial run, which was carried out in a coffee room, are presented and applications of the Organ Pipe Sequential Sampling (OPSS) system are discussed.     

An optimal level of dust explosion risk management: Framework and application

The current research provides guidance on the prevention and mitigation of dust explosion using a Quantitative Risk Management Framework (QRMF). Using concepts drawn from previous studies, the framework consists of three main steps: (i) a new combined safety management protocol, (ii) the use of DESC (Dust Explosion Simulation Code) and FTA (Fault Tree Analysis) to assess explosion consequences and likelihood, respectively, and (iii) application of the hierarchy of controls (inherent, engineered and procedural safety). QRMF assessment of an industrial case study showed that the original process was at high risk. DESC simulations and Probit equations determined the destructive percentages. FTAs revealed high probabilities of explosion occurrence; in addition, detailed individual and societal risks calculations were made, before and after the framework was applied. Based on the hierarchy of controls technique, the framework showed significant risk reduction to the point where the residual risk was acceptable for the process.