Nutrient Dynamics in Jiaozhou Bay

Three cruises were carried out in Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) in the neap tide in October 2002 (fall) and in both neap and spring tides in May 2003 (spring) to understand the relative importance of external nutrient inputs versus physical transport and internal biogeochemical processes. Nutrients (, , , , silicic acid, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and phosphorus (TDP), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and phosphorus (DOP)) were measured. The concentrations of nutrients were higher in the northern part than in the southern part. High concentrations of and DON in JZB demonstrated the anthropogenic input. Ambient nutrient ratios indicated that the potential limiting nutrients for phytoplankton growth were silicon, and then phosphorus. Nutrients showed an obvious tidal effect with low values at flood tide and high values at ebb tide. Nutrient elements were transported into JZB in the north and output in the south (i.e., into the Yellow Sea), which varied with season, tidal cycle and investigation sites. Water exchange between JZB and the Yellow Sea exports , and DON out of JZB, while it inputs , silicic acid and DOP into JZB. Nutrient budgets demonstrate that riverine input and wastewater discharge are major sources of nutrients, while residual flow is of minor importance in JZB ecosystem. JZB is a sink for the nutrient elements we studied except for DON. Stoichiometric calculations demonstrate that JZB is a net autotrophic system.     

Woody vegetation change in Sahelian West Africa: evidence from local knowledge

Vegetation changes in Sahelian West Africa have been increasingly investigated since 1970 due to the catastrophic droughts in the early 1970s and 1980s and the following decades with below average precipitation. In most cases this was done by remote sensing and vegetation studies. In recent years, local knowledge of farmers and pastoralists about vegetation changes has been increasingly investigated. In this paper, information from different case studies in three West African countries (Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegal) was used to analyse and evaluate vegetation changes in the Sahel. In total, data were analysed from 25 villages, where the local people were asked to mention plant species and qualify their present occurrence compared to the past. In total, 111 woody species were mentioned as having changed compared to the past, of which 79% were classified as having decreased or disappeared. For each single location 8–59 different woody species were mentioned. In most cases, these are valuable species of socio-economic importance. Only 11% of the species was classified as increasing or new (0–12 were mentioned per location), the later being mainly exotic species. Ten percent were categorised differently among villages. A comparison of local knowledge from different locations provide regional scale information on endangered species and thereby crucial information for making insightful priorities for assisted regeneration, reforestation and conservation strategies.     

改性栗壳吸附重金属离子的动力学及热力学研究

对改性板栗壳吸附Cr(VI)、Cu(II)及Ni(II)3种重金属离子过程的动力学和热力学进行研究。结果表明:改性板栗壳吸附Cr(VI)、Cu(II)和Ni(II)3种混合离子时存在拮抗的竞争关系,竞争吸附顺序为Cu(II)﹤Ni(II)﹤Cr(VI);与单独吸附过程相比,混合吸附平衡时,改性板栗壳对3种离子相应的去除率均有所降低,Cr(VI)去除率比单独吸附时降低20.2%,Cu(II)和Ni(II)分别降低40.7%和35.6%;拟二级动力学方程能很好地描述Cr(VI)、Cu(II)和Ni(II)在改性板栗壳上的单独和混合吸附过程,结果表明此3种重金属离子在改性板栗壳表面以化学吸附为主;热力学研究数据表明:改性板栗壳对Cr(VI)的吸附为吸热反应,对Cu(II)和Ni(II)的吸附为放热反应。     

Assessing desertification risk using system stability condition analysis

This paper describes a procedure for evaluating the desertification risk in threatened areas. The procedure is based on an eight-equation dynamic model of a generic human–resource system that can be applied to different desertification syndromes. For each application, interest focuses on finding all the possible long-term final states of the system and on defining the conditions that mark out sustainability and long-term desertification by means of unambiguous specific parameter relations. The procedure is applied to three typified cases in Spain: (A) rainfed crops in areas with high soil erosion risk; (B) irrigated intensive agricultural systems; and (C) commercial rangelands. Results show that, in case A, high profit scenarios are responsible for the final extension of desertification but do not determine the specific threshold between sustainability and desertification. They do, however, in cases B and C.     

TiO2纳米管的水热合成表征及其光催化性能研究

采用水热化学反应的方法制备了TiO2纳米管,并采用TEM、XRD等分析手段对TiO2纳米管的形貌和晶相进行了表征,对比了管与粉的光催化性能.结果表明,采用该方法制得的TiO2纳米管的管径小、管形均匀,TiO2纳米管的光催化性能明显高于TiO2纳米粉.     

地铁站火灾时空气幕防烟的数值模拟与分析

随着国内地铁的迅速发展,地铁火灾的防范及应急处理成为重要的研究课题。笔者根据地铁站建筑结构特点及火灾烟气的扩散规律,首次提出将空气幕用于地铁站楼梯口防烟,以保障火灾时人员的安全疏散。并用CFD方法模拟分析一列地铁列车着火时,防烟空气幕对烟气扩散的控制。结果表明,在楼梯口设置防烟空气幕不仅可以保证人员在6分钟以上的安全疏散时间,而且减少了比传统方式所需的新鲜空气量,有效阻止火灾的进一步扩大和控制烟气扩散。     

Role of microorganisms and macrofauna in benthic phosphorus dynamics in the po river--Adriatic Sea frontal system: An experimental approach

Sediment biotic and abiotic attributes were determined during the PRISMA II oceanographic campaigns in the northern and central Adriatic Sea. The radiotracer orthophosphate 32 P was used under laboratory conditions to analyse the role of micro- and macrofauna in phosphorus dynamics at the water-sediment interface. Effects of infaunal suspensivores on microfungal growth were also investigated. Our findings emphasised: 1) significant differences in sediment 32 P uptake as related to the sampling area, occurrence of the pelagic frontal system, sediment grain size, microbial activity, and anoxia; 2) the crucial role played in 32 P dynamics by different tropho-functional groups r - r i.e ., infaunal filter-feeders and epifaunal detritivore characterising the benthic community of the northern Adriatic basin. The significant changes in ergosterol concentration (adopted as an index of microfungal growth) observed in sediments subjected to infaunal activity, eventually provided a comprehensive insight into macrofauna-microorganism interactions. The potential impact of macrofaunal activity in phosphorus dynamics in the Adriatic benthic system is discussed.     

Technological change and fisheries sustainability: The point of view of Adaptive Dynamics

The analysis of a simple model shows that exploitation of fish stocks can entrain in the long run the substantial decline or even the collapse of the stock, as well as difficulties in stock recovery, loss of fishery resilience, and reduction of the mean fish size. The results are in agreement with numerous observations, even though they are obtained with a simple model in which the harvesting fleet and the fish stock are considered as unstructured predator and prey. The study is carried out for the typical case of fleet dimension not too sensitive to the year-to-year fluctuations of the stock and assuming that the sole cause of evolution is technological innovation. The analysis is performed by means of Adaptive Dynamics, an approach born in theoretical biology which is used here in the context of technological change. Although the results are qualitatively consistent with those obtained long ago through the principles of bioeconomics, it is fair to stress that the underlying assumptions are different. In fact, in the bioeconomic approach fleet technology does not evolve and fishing effort varies to produce economic optimization, while in the Adaptive Dynamics approach technological innovation is the key driver. The paper is purely theoretical and the proposed model can hardly be tuned on any real fishery. No practical guidelines for managers can therefore be drawn, if not the general conclusion that long-term sustainability of exploited fish stocks can only be achieved if strategic parameters influencing technological change are kept under strict control.     

CFD方法对突发性化学事故中危险物质泄漏范围的确定

简要分析了目前国内主要用于预测易燃易爆(有毒)物质发生泄漏事故后浓度扩散范围的计算方法。并介绍了国际上比较成熟的计算流体力学相关软件的数学模型及特点和边界条件的设置。针对液氨发生泄漏后氨气在一定大气环境条件下扩散的过程和特征,建立了相应的数学模型并设置了边界条件,通过数值计算得到氨气在水平方向风速环境下在三维空间内浓度分布规律。通过分析氨气扩散后爆炸浓度下限范围,探讨了如何设置警戒区的方法。最后分析了将计算流体力学方法应用于确定易燃易爆(有毒)物质泄漏后浓度范围的前景与不足。     

生态动力学模型在太湖水质模拟中的应用

考察了西澳大利亚大学水研究中心开发的生态动力学模型CAEDYM与三维水动力模型ELCOM的耦合模型在太湖的应用效果,用该模型模拟了2005年5月~6月太湖的水温、总氮、硝氮、氨氮、总磷、磷酸盐、叶绿素a,通过实测数据进行参数率定。并用2005年8月的实测资料作为初始条件,9月的模拟资料与实测资料进行对比,对模型进行了验证。结果显示模型较好地模拟了太湖的水质变化和分布。