Sequence of the main geochemical controls on the Cu and Zn fractions in the Yangtze River estuarine sediments

Metal speciation can provide sufficient information for environmental and geochemical researches. In this study, based on the speciation determination of Cu and Zn in the Yangtze Estuary sediments, roles of eight geochemical controls (i.e., total organic carbon (TOC), clay, Fe/Mn in five chemical fractions and salinity) are fully investigated and sequenced with correlation analysis (CA) and principal components analysis (PCA). Results show that TOC, clay and Fe/Mn oxides are key geochemical factors affecting the chemical speciation distributions of Cu and Zn in sediments, while the role of salinity appears to be more indirect effect. The influencing sequence generally follows the order: TOC>clay>Mn oxides>Fe oxides>salinity. Among the different fractions of Fe/Mn oxides, residual and total Fe content, and exchangeable and carbonate Mn exert the greatest influences, while exchangeable Fe and residual Mn show the poorest influences.     

春季和夏季辽东湾表层沉积物中重金属的分布及来源

为研究辽东湾表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其来源,于2013年5月(春季)和8月(夏季)在辽东湾设置38个采样点,采集表层沉积物样品,测定6种典型重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As)的质量分数,并采用相关性、主成分及聚类分析对重金属来源进行研究. 结果表明:春季和夏季辽东湾表层沉积物中w(Cu)、w(Pb)、w(Zn)、w(Cd)、w(Hg)、w(As)平均值分别为28.77、26.62、108.89、0.50、0.03、12.09 mg/kg和26.05、24.22、71.93、0.22、0.05、11.03 mg/kg;单因子方差分析结果表明,w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(Cd)、w(Hg)在春季和夏季有显著差异,w(Pb)、w(As)无差异. 重金属高值区春季主要分布在辽东湾北部西侧小凌河口外至葫芦岛以南海域,夏季主要分布在北部河口及鲅鱼圈、金州湾附近,低值区均位于辽东湾中部海域. 春季辽东湾表层沉积物重金属的来源主要包括有机质络合、海上活动、工业排污入海与河流所携带的工业和生活污水,夏季来源主要包括海上活动、工业排污入海、河流携带的工业和生活污水以及地表径流. 所调查的38个采样点重金属在污染程度上可分为3类,其中Cu、Zn、Hg和As属轻度污染,Pb属中度污染,Cd为严重污染;整体空间分布特点为西部和北部近河口区域重金属质量分数偏高,中部远河口海域较低.      

基于物元可拓模型的尾矿库溃坝风险评价研究

为准确的评价尾矿库溃坝风险等级,建立了物元可拓评价模型:首先确定风险评价指标体系与评价标准,通过隶属函数对评价标准进行隶属化,解决其因特征值超出节域范围导致关联函数失效问题与因量纲不一致而造成的不可公度性问题;然后确定其经典域、节域与待评物元,为评价尾矿库溃坝风险等级提供前提条件;再通过计算简单关联函数值与初等关联函数值,确定各评价指标的权重与各等级的可拓关联度;最后依据最大关联原则,确定风险等级,并计算等级变量特征值以更准确的评价其等级。工程实例应用表明,该方法应用于尾矿库溃坝风险评价准确、符合实际情况。     

矿井通风网络复杂度与风机控制力量化计算

为了探究矿井通风网络复杂度与风机控制力的关系,提出分支关联度、最小距离、通风网络复杂度和风机控制力的概念。利用vCad2.0进行数字实验,对网络复杂度与风机控制力的关系进行定量研究。结果表明:随着网络复杂度的增加,矿井通风系统的有效风量率减小,且认为该值减小到60%时,视为风机控制力的极限,此时网络拓扑结构为风机所能控制的最大网络复杂度。地面集中供风时,同时工作的中段数量存在上限,最大值为7。将结论用于某有色金属矿进行实证研究,找出该矿深部中段通风困难的原因,为矿井进一步整改提供理论依据。     

区域水资源可持续利用评价指标体系构建

基于区域水资源可持续利用评价指标体系（Indicators System for Sustainability AssessmentofWater Resources Use, ISSAWRU）构建的一般方法与步骤,论文围绕初始、优化和评价检验三个过程构建ISSAWRU;针对ISSAWRU构建中的指标信息重复和干扰问题,提出相关分析与粗糙集Horafa 属性约简算法相结合的方法实现指标体系的优化,并采用灰色系统理论与粗糙集耦合的评价方法对优化结果进行评价检验。以福建省为例,9 个设区市为研究单元,依据可持续发展理论,从水资源条件、开发利用状况、生态环境和社会经济四个方面,构建由30 项指标组成的初始ISSAWRU,通过筛选得到由12 项指标构成的优化ISSAWRU,进而对这两套指标体系进行评价。结果分析表明：相关分析与粗糙集Horafa 属性约简算法相结合的指标信息优化方案是可靠的;筛除重复和干扰指标信息,简化了繁杂的指标体系,降低了后续评价的计算复杂度,并且信息筛选后的优化ISSAWRU比初始ISSAWRU评价结果更合理。     

The effect of limiting nutrient on metal toxicity to selenastrum capricornutum

Metal toxicity on selenastrum capricornutum were examined by batch culture and chemostat culture system. EC₅₀ values under nutrient‐limited condition and saturated condition were compared. The two EC_5Os differed by a factor of 10.6 for Cd in batch test, and differed by a factor of 6.5 in continuous test. Both batch and continuous test results indicate that inhibition on algal growth is more severe under nutrient‐limited conditions compared to that under near saturation conditions.

Strong correlation, as characterized by the correlation coefficient ρ, were found between the activation level (nutrient requirement) and the tolerance of microorganisms to the toxicant. ρ is equal to 0.9 for the case of Cd in batch test and 0.6 in continuous test. The theory in this study provides generally good estimations to the dose‐response relationship at limiting nutrient conditions. The study indicate that nutrient conditions constitute an important factor in algal toxicity tests.     

Demonstrating a correlation between infrastructure and national development

This paper demonstrates a correlation between the extensiveness of infrastructure and national development. This was achieved by considering kilometres of paved roads, kilometres of rail, kilometres of paved runways, quality of shipping ports and quality of urban infrastructure. Data were collected from a variety of sources including the World Bank and the United Nations databases. Measures of the quantity or extensiveness of the infrastructures were normalized based on the populations of the various countries, transforming them into per capita measures, which were then logarithmically transformed to produce indices of the extensiveness of the infrastructures. These indices were then plotted against the national development indicator, the human development index (HDI). Of the infrastructures considered, paved roads per capita index showed the strongest correlation with HDI, while quality of port infrastructure index showed the weakest correlation. When the indices for the different infrastructures were combined into a single index the correlation with HDI appeared to be strongest, highlighting the synergistic effect of different infrastructures when working in tandem. Based on this, the findings of this study support the position of holistically managing a country's infrastructure assets.     

中国森林碳汇的空间溢出效应与影响因素——基于大陆31个省（市、区）森林资源清查数据的空间计量分析

科学估算各地区森林碳汇量并探讨其空间关联性特征是制定差异化碳汇发展政策的重要基础。根据1988—2013年中国大陆31个省（市、区）的6次森林资源清查数据,论文利用森林蓄积量扩展法测算了各地区的森林碳汇量,进而检测和比较了省域间碳汇总量空间关联性的方向和强弱,最后运用空间计量模型分析了碳汇的溢出效应与影响因素。结果表明：1）我国的森林碳汇量整体呈上升态势,各地区间碳汇量差异明显,其中西藏、黑龙江等地区碳汇量丰富,而上海、北京等地则碳汇增长率较快;2）研究期内的Moran’s I指数整体表现为倒“S”型的波动变化特征,全国森林碳汇在省域空间分布上的差异性并不是随机的,而是具备一定关联性;3）我国森林碳汇存在显著的近邻空间溢出效应,森林资源采伐、森林受灾程度和降水量等因素对森林碳汇水平的影响显著。因此,研究认为：我国在发挥森林生态功能时,应当考虑省份间的地理区位因素,合理制定兼具差异化和协调性的森林碳汇发展政策。     

基于统计的百花湖表层水中重金属分布特征

以云贵高原深水湖泊百花湖为研究对象,研究其表层水中9种重金属(As,Hg,Cd,Pb,Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn和Cr)的分布特征并开展溯源研究. 结果表明:各采样点之间重金属含量变化较大,变异系数为5.6%～147%,同一采样点水质中重金属元素含量变化顺序为Fe>Mn>Cr>Zn>Cu>As>Pb>Hg>Cd;地统计分析从空间角度表明百花湖不同水域重金属含量分布差异较大;ρ(Ca)与ρ(Cu),ρ(Pb)的相关系数(R2)分别为-0.771(P<0.01)和-0.692(P<0.05);主成分分析揭示了该湖泊水体重金属含量主要受4个因素的影响(分别解释了总因子的33.88%,19.32%,18.02%和11.81%),其中一些重金属同时受2个以上主成分因素的影响;聚类分析将这9种重金属归为4类,Fe单独为一类,Cd,Pb,Hg,As和Cu为一类,Zn,Cr为一类,Mn独自为一类. 地统计分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析的应用使得影响因素复杂的水环境问题的研究相对简单化.      

北京及周边地区典型站点近地面O3的变化特征

利用2008年6月1日~2009年5月31日在北京城区中国气象局(CMA),及其西南方向固城站(GCH)和东北方向上甸子本底站(SDZ)的近地面O3等观测数据,分析了O3的变化特征及其与其他污染物和气象要素的关系.结果表明,上甸子本底站近地面O3的季节变化和日变化规律与固城和北京城区站存在一定的差异,而固城站和北京城区站的O3变化特征差异较小.相关性分析显示,O3与NO、NO2、NOx、RH多呈负相关,且相关性冬季好于夏季,此外,O3与气温和风速呈正相关,其中北京城区站冬季和夏季O3与风速的相关性差异最明显.O3浓度与地面风向有一定关系,当风向为偏南时,O3浓度较高,当风向为东北时,O3浓度偏低.