Estimating the Value of Non‐Use Benefits from Small Changes in the Provision of Ecosystem Services

Abstract: The unit of trade in ecosystem services is usually the use of a proportion of the parcels of land associated with a given service. Valuing small changes in the provision of an ecosystem service presents obstacles, particularly when the service provides non‐use benefits, as is the case with conservation of most plants and animals. Quantifying non‐use values requires stated‐preference valuations. Stated‐preference valuations can provide estimates of the public's willingness to pay for a broad conservation goal. Nevertheless, stated‐preference valuations can be expensive and do not produce consistent measures for varying levels of provision of a service. Additionally, the unit of trade, land use, is not always linearly related to the level of ecosystem services the land might provide. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a method to estimate the value of a marginal change in the provision of a non‐use ecosystem service—in this case conservation of plants or animals associated with a given land‐cover type. Our method serves as a tool for calculating transferable valuations of small changes in the provision of ecosystem services relative to the existing provision. Valuation is achieved through stated‐preference investigations, calculation of a unit value for a parcel of land, and the weighting of this parcel by its ability to provide the desired ecosystem service and its effect on the ability of the surrounding land parcels to provide the desired service. We used the water vole (Arvicola terrestris) as a case study to illustrate the method. The average present value of a meter of water vole habitat was estimated at UK£12, but the marginal value of a meter (based on our methods) could range between £0 and £40 or more.     

Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas in the Philippines for Biodiversity Conservation

Abstract: Quantifying the extent to which existing reserves meet conservation objectives and identifying gaps in coverage are vital to developing systematic protected‐area networks. Despite widespread recognition of the Philippines as a global priority for marine conservation, limited work has been undertaken to evaluate the conservation effectiveness of existing marine protected areas (MPAs). Targets for MPA coverage in the Philippines have been specified in the 1998 Fisheries Code legislation, which calls for 15% of coastal municipal waters (within 15 km of the coastline) to be protected within no‐take MPAs, and the Philippine Marine Sanctuary Strategy (2004), which aims to protect 10% of coral reef area in no‐take MPAs by 2020. We used a newly compiled database of nearly 1000 MPAs to measure progress toward these targets. We evaluated conservation effectiveness of MPAs in two ways. First, we determined the degree to which marine bioregions and conservation priority areas are represented within existing MPAs. Second, we assessed the size and spacing patterns of reserves in terms of best‐practice recommendations. We found that the current extent and distribution of MPAs does not adequately represent biodiversity. At present just 0.5% of municipal waters and 2.7–3.4% of coral reef area in the Philippines are protected in no‐take MPAs. Moreover, 85% of no‐take area is in just two sites; 90% of MPAs are <1 km². Nevertheless, distances between existing MPAs should ensure larval connectivity between them, providing opportunities to develop regional‐scale MPA networks. Despite the considerable success of community‐based approaches to MPA implementation in the Philippines, this strategy will not be sufficient to meet conservation targets, even under a best‐case scenario for future MPA establishment. We recommend that implementation of community‐based MPAs be supplemented by designation of additional large no‐take areas specifically located to address conservation targets.     

沿海地区1～3年强震危险性的层次分析

对我国沿海地区１～３ａ强震危险性给出三级层次分析结果。首先分析地震大开势，其次分区研究强震概率增益，最后以华南为例对小层次即潜在震源未来１～３ａ强震概率进行计算。     

化工废气排放量灰色预测的GPSM（1）模型

在对ＧＩＭ（１）模型研究的基础上，提出了一种化工废气排放的单变量灰色幂级数曲线预测新模型「简称（ＧＰＳＭ（１）」，并建立了辨识模型参数的优化方法。结果表明，ＧＰＳＭ（１）在有线性输出的平稳系统中，比ＧＭ（１，１）更能反映原始资料提供的信息，系统分辨率高，同态性好，预测精度理想，为环境系统的拟合、预测分析和决策开辟了新途径，从而拓宽了ＧＭ（１，１）模型在环境科学领域中的应用范围。     

EXTRACTION AND UTILIZATION OF SPACE ACQUIRED PHYSIOGRAPHIC DATA FOR WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT: ERTS-1 satellite imagery has been evaluated as a means of providing useful watershed physiography information. From these data physiographic parameters such as drainage basin area and shape, drainage density, stream length and sinuosity, and the percentage of a watershed occupied by major land use types were obtained in three study areas. The study areas were: (1) Southwestern Wisconsin; (2) Eastern Colorado; and (3) portions of the Middle Atlantic States Using ERTS-1 imagery at 1:250,000 and 1:100,000 scales it was found that drainage basin area and shape and stream sinuosity were comparable (within 10%) in all study areas to physiographic measurements derived from conventional topographic maps at the same scales Land use information can be usefully extracted for watersheds as small as 30 mi²(78 km²) in area. Improved drainage network and density information is obtained from ERTS-1 imagery in dissected areas such as Southwestern Wisconsin, but in heavily vegetated areas (Middle Atlantic States) or areas with little physical relief (Eastern Colorado) low order streams are difficult to detect and the derived drainage densities are significantly smaller than those obtained from standard maps. It is concluded that ERTS-1 imagery can be employed to advantage in mean annual runoff prediction techniques and in providing or maintaining land use information used in the calibration and operation of watershed models.     

基于GM(1,1)模型的铁路行车事故预测

铁路行车事故的发生具有偶然性 ,但可利用预测理论的方法加以预测。笔者简述了灰色理论中GM(1,1)预测模型的建模过程和精度检验的方法及步骤 ,在某铁路分局 1995～ 2 0 0 2年间的铁路行车事故统计的基础上 ,应用GM(1,1)预测模型预测了该铁路分局 2 0 0 4年的铁路行车事故发生趋势 ,经精度检验表明 ,模型的精度等级合格 ,其预测结果为铁路行车事故的防范和降低事故损失提供了指导和科学依据。     

Remediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants Using a Novel Two-Phase Soil Washing Biosorption Process

A two-phase soil washing biosorption process was developed for the remediation of p,p-DDT-contaminated soil. The process involved desorption of contaminants from soil using dilute primary alcohols (40% 1-propanol) followed by contaminant removal from cosolvent solutions using fungal biosorption. Bench scale remediation studies were preformed to simulate ex situ (recycling experiment) or in situ (soil column study) treatment strategies. Both systems were effective at cleaning the soil to below Australian regulatory p,p-DDT levels. After 50–80 hours of soil washing, over 93% of p,p-DDT was removed from the soil(990 mg kg^-1 to <65 mg kg^-1) using either of these methods.p,p-DDT was removed from the cosolvent phase by sorption onto the fungal biomass. This resulted in only low levels of p,p-DDT remaining in the cosolvent solution(<1.5 mg l^-1). The application of both treatment strategies resulted in the rapid clean up of p,p-DDT-contaminated soil and the potential to recycle cosolvent solutions. The ability to recycle cosolvent solutions provides a mechanism for cost reductions of the remediation strategy.     

N—N—二（1—甲基—庚基）乙酰胺萃取苯酚的动力学研究

用恒界面池法研究了Ｎ,Ｎ－二（１－甲基－庚基）乙酰胺（ＤＭＨＡＡ,Ｎ５０３）萃取苯酚的动力学,试验表明,萃取速率随水相苯酚浓度,有机相Ｎ５０３浓度的提高而增加,当水相ｐＨ值≥１０．５时,萃取速度明显下降,萃取反应的表观活化能为１４．３ｋＪ·ｍｏｌ＾－１,萃取过程属扩散控制,水相中萃酚向两相界面的扩散是萃取速度的控制步骤。     

1,2—丙二胺—亚硝酸盐体系中铬的催化极谱测定

本文报道在0.1M亚硝酸钠,1.5×10~(-3)M的1,2-丙二胺,pH9.0—9.5底液中铬在—1.76伏处(对饱和甘汞电极)产生-催化波,测定范围在0.1ng/ml内,铬的浓度与导数波高成良好线性关系,测定下限为8×10~(-10)M(相当于0.04ng/ml)。经实验证明,在1,2-丙二胺-亚硝酸盐或硝酸盐两体系中,铬都在—1.76伏处产生催化波,因此,可认为铬的催化机理可能与文献[3]报道的在CyDTA-NO_3体系中三价铬产生催化波的机理相似即: Cr~(6 ) 3e—→Cr~(3 ); Cr~(3 ) y—→Cr~(3 )—y; Cr~(2 )—y e—→C~(2 )—y; Cr~(2 )—y NO_3~—→Cr~(3 )—y No_2~-其中:y代表1,2-丙二胺。将自来水进行简单的前处理后,可以直接应用本法测定水中六价、三价铬的含量以及水中的总铬量。