桐花树幼苗叶片生理生态指标对气态汞胁迫的响应

桐花树是我国主要的广布种红树植物,具有泌盐性。通过胁迫实验,研究桐花树幼苗叶片生理生态指标对气态单质汞(Hg0)胁迫的响应,以期了解红树植物吸收和富集气态汞的机制。结果表明:气态汞胁迫造成桐花树叶片可溶性糖含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性下降;而丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等指标上升;叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性出现先升高后降低的趋势,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量则先降低后升高。总之,虽然Hg0胁迫可增加桐花树幼苗叶的膜质过氧化程度,影响其生理代谢活动,但其叶片可通过调节抗氧化酶活性及还原型谷胱甘肽含量来提高自身抗氧化能力,进而提高对Hg0的抗性。     

两种土壤中对硝基氯苯被Fe~0还原的对比研究

利用零价铁(Fe~0)还原技术修复受对氯硝基苯(p-CNB)污染的土壤,研究常温常压下松砂土和中壤土两种不同土壤的理化性质对还原反应的影响.结果表明:Fe0能有效还原松砂土和中壤土中的p-CNB,生成对应的苯胺化合物,降低毒性;当土壤中p-CNB的含量约为2.5×10~(-6)mol·g~(-1),Fe~0用量为25 mg·g~(-1),反应体系中水分含量为0.75 mL·g~(-1)时,于25℃反应2 h后,松砂土和中壤土中p-CNB的还原率均超过93%;还原反应在中壤土中进行得较快.污染物在土壤中的老化时间对Fe~0还原降解效果影响很小,而土壤粒径、土壤是否灭菌以及土壤有机质含量等因素则对还原有较明显影响;还原降解反应在没有灭菌、有机质含量较高且粒径偏小的壤土中进行得最彻底.     

Comparison of sensitivity analysis techniques: A case study with the rice model WARM

The considerable complexity often included in biophysical models leads to the need of specifying a large number of parameters and inputs, which are available with various levels of uncertainty. Also, models may behave counter-intuitively, particularly when there are nonlinearities in multiple input-output relationships. Quantitative knowledge of the sensitivity of models to changes in their parameters is hence a prerequisite for operational use of models. This can be achieved using sensitivity analysis (SA) via methods which differ for specific characteristics, including computational resources required to perform the analysis. Running SA on biophysical models across several contexts requires flexible and computationally efficient SA approaches, which must be able to account also for possible interactions among parameters. A number of SA experiments were performed on a crop model for the simulation of rice growth (Water Accounting Rice Model, WARM) in Northern Italy. SAs were carried out using the Morris method, three regression-based methods (Latin hypercube sampling, random and Quasi-Random, LpTau), and two methods based on variance decomposition: Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (E-FAST) and Sobol’, with the latter adopted as benchmark. Aboveground biomass at physiological maturity was selected as reference output to facilitate the comparison of alternative SA methods. Rankings of crop parameters (from the most to the least relevant) were generated according to sensitivity experiments using different SA methods and alternate parameterizations for each method, and calculating the top-down coefficient of concordance (TDCC) as measure of agreement between rankings. With few exceptions, significant TDCC values were obtained both for different parameterizations within each method and for the comparison of each method to the Sobol’ one. The substantial stability observed in the rankings seem to indicate that, for a crop model of average complexity such as WARM, resource intensive SA methods could not be needed to identify most relevant parameters. In fact, the simplest among the SA methods used (i.e., Morris method) produced results comparable to those obtained by methods more computationally expensive.     

Influence of Geometry on the Mean Flow within Urban Street Canyons – A Comparison of Wind Tunnel Experiments and Numerical Simulations

A comparison between numerical simulations and wind tunnel modelling has been performed to examine the variation with streamwise aspect ratio (width/height, W/H) of the mean flow patterns in a street canyon. For this purpose a two-dimensional (2-D) cavity was subjected to a thick turbulent boundary layer flow perpendicular to its principal axis. Five different test cases, W/H = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 and 2.0, have been studied experimentally with flow measurements taken using pulsed-wire anemometry. The results show that the skimming flow regime, with a large vortex in the canyon, occurred for all the cases investigated. For the cavities with W/H 0.7 a weaker secondary circulation developed beneath the main vortex. The narrower the canyon, the smaller the wind speed close to the cavity ground, giving increasingly poor ventilation qualities. The corresponding numerical results were obtained with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code CHENSI that uses the standard k- model. The intercomparison showed good agreement in terms of the gross features of the mean flow for all the geometries examined, although some detailed differences were observed.     

The Literature Aftermath Of The Brundtland Report ‘Our Common Future’. A Scientometric Study Based On Citations In Science And Social Science Journals

Two major multidisciplinary bibliographic databases, the Science Citation Index and the Social Science Citation Index were searched to collect science and social science journal articles published in the 1987–2001 period with the report Our Common Future among their references. A statistical overview is given about the trends and patterns revealed by the bibliometric/scientometric analysis of the retrieved literature. National and regional distributions as well as publication channels and thematic features are considered. During the period under study, the word sustainability became the dominating term of the field, and operative questions like those of management, technology and urbanization came into the forefront of interest.Readers should send their comments on this paper to:BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

证据理论在港口航行环境安全组合评价中的应用

为解决不同方法用于港口航行环境的安全评价产生的结果不一致问题,利用证据理论善于发挥各评价方法的特性映射机理不同的长处,整合和协调相关证据的信息,获得最接近事实的评价结果。以中国沿海10个港口的航行环境安全程度为例,应用证据理论,把主成分分析法、因子分析法、逼近理想解排序法(Topsis)、模糊理论及灰色理论5种方法所得评价结果,作为支持航行安全的证据进行组合处理。所得结果经相关性检验并与原文献中众数理论组合评价结果作比较,其结果一致性较高。船长们认为基于证据理论的组合评价结果更符合实际,确认该方法可以在同类研究中普遍应用。     

Oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury in a high voltage discharge reactor

Effects of the voltage waveform, discharge tooth wheel number and CO2/NO/SO2 concentration in the simulated flue gas on Hg0 oxidation were investigated using a link tooth wheel-cylinder reactor energized by di erent high voltage power supplies. Negative DC discharge induced more ozone production and a higher Hg0 oxidation e ciency than positive DC discharge and 12 kHz AC discharge. The discharge tooth wheel number had almost no e ect on the maximum Hg0 oxidation e ciency. The allowable supplied voltage decreased with the increase of discharge tooth wheel number. CO2 could stabilize the discharge process and increase the maximum voltage for a stable discharge. It has also been found that NO consumed O3 induced by high voltage discharge, thereby decreased Hg0 oxidation e ciency; while SO2 had a slight promoting e ect on Hg0 oxidation.     

石油烃对虾夷马粪海胆胚胎发育及四种酶活力的影响

通过虾夷马粪海胆胚胎暴露实验,研究了常见石油烃零号柴油对海胆胚胎发育时间以及发育时期内海胆胚胎的SOD、CAT、GPx及谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)四种酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同浓度的零号柴油水溶组分对海胆胚胎发育的各个时期具有不同程度的延迟效应,低浓度对海胆胚胎中的四种酶表现出不同程度的诱导效应;四种酶活性的变化程度比较,对GPx和GST酶活力的影响要明显大于对CAT和SOD的影响;随着浓度的不断增大,四种酶活性受到不同程度的抑制作用,高浓度对酶活性的抑制作用尤为显著;囊胚期对影响最为敏感,可作为生物标志物。     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

Stabilization of Fe0 nanoparticles with silica fume for enhanced transport and remediation of hexavalent chromium in water and soil

Effective in situ remediation of Cr(VI) in groundwater requires the successful delivery of reactive iron particles to the subsurface. Fe0 nanoparticles (20–110 nm diameter) supported on silica fume were synthesized by borohydride reduction of an aqueous iron salt in the presence of a support material. The experimental result showed that attachment of Fe0 nanoparticles on the commercial available sub-micrometer silica fume prevented them from aggregation while maintaining the particle reactivity. When the Fe0 concentration was 0.4 g/L, 88.00% of 40 mg/L Cr(VI) was removed by silica fume-supported Fe0 nanoparticles (SF-Fe0) in 120 min, 22.55% higher than unsupported Fe0. Furthermore, transport experiments confirmed that almost all unsupported Fe0 was retained, whereas 51.50% and 38.29% of SF-Fe0 were eluted from the vertical and horizontal sand column, respectively. Additionally, the effect of solution ionic strength on the transport ability of SF-Fe0 was evaluated. The result showed that increase in the salt concentration led to a decrease in the mobility and also the divalent ion Ca2+ had a greater effect than that of monovalent ion Na+.