饮用水源地水质预警系统的建立和应用研究

饮用水源地水质预警系统是综合运用地理信息系统(GPIs)、遥感(RS)、网络、多媒体及计算机仿真等现代高新科技手段,对目标流域的水质状况、水文情况等各种信息进行数字化采集与存储,动态监测各种污染物的变化过程,并将其显示、发布给公众,成为一个集监测、计算、模拟、管理为一体的系统。通过水质自动监测系统,第三方运行、质量管理及控制、预警平台构筑形成一整套完善的预警体系,制定了预警相应流程。划分了预警发布等级,实现了对预警信息的综合应用,有效的为水源水水质安全保障提供支持。     

Listriodon guptai Pilgrim, 1926 (Mammalia, Suidae) from the early Miocene of the Bugti Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan: new insights into early Listriodontinae evolution and biogeography

New dental remains of listriodont suids are described from the lower member of the early to middle Miocene Vihowa Formation of the Bugti Hills, Pakistan. The material is homogeneous in terms of morphology and dimensions and referred as a whole to Listriodon guptai Pilgrim, 1926. This species is also mentioned in coeval deposits of the Zinda Pir Dome, Pakistan, dating back to ca. 19 Ma. The early occurrence of an advanced listriodont in Pakistan constrains the age of acquisition of several characters correlated to lophodonty within Listriodontini, and raises major questions about the early history of the Old World Listriodontinae. Strong morphological similarity between Listriodon guptai and the African species Listriodon akatikubas found in the late early Miocene of Maboko (Kenya, ca. 16.5 Ma) suggests that this latter is most probably a migrant originating from Asia.     

Imprints from the global cosmological expansion to the local spacetime dynamics

We study the general relativistic spacetime metrics surrounding massive cosmological objects, such as suns, stars, galaxies or galaxy clusters. The question addressed here is the transition of local, object-related spacetime metrics into the global, cosmological Robertson-Walker metrics. We demonstrate that the answer often quoted for this problem from the literature, the so-called Einstein-Straus vacuole, which connects a static outer Schwarzschild solution with the time-dependent Robertson-Walker universe, is inadequate to describe the local spacetime of a gravitationally bound system. Thus, we derive here an alternative model describing such bound systems by a metrics more closely tied to the fundamental problem of structure formation in the early universe and obtain a multitude of solutions characterising the time-dependence of a local scale parameter. As we can show, a specific solution out of this multitude is able to, as a by-product, surprisingly enough, explain the presently much discussed phenomenon of the PIONEER anomaly.     

制药工业水污染物环境风险预警技术研究进展

经济的快速发展和欧美制药工业低附加值中间产品生产向亚洲等不发达地区的转移,直接导致了我国制药工业水污染物的污染急速加剧,对人们的饮用水及生活构成威胁。文章介绍了制药工业水污染预警技术在国内外的发展状况以及制药废水预警技术与公共安全的关系,进一步展望了我国制药工业水污染物预警技术的发展趋势。希望以此促进我国制药工业水污染物预警技术的未来发展,增强人们利用制药工业水污染物预警技术监测、防范制药工业水污染物的环境风险和公共安全危害的意识和能力。     

一种计量青鳉鱼胸鳍和尾鳍摆动频率和幅值的计算机视觉算法

青鳉鱼在饮用水安全领域具有很高的应用价值,其鱼鳍的活动状态可以反映水质的污染状况。但由于技术条件的限制,传统的方法无法实时而有效地提取到这些特征。针对这个问题,提出了一种可以高效识别并测量青鳉鱼胸、尾鳍摆动频率和幅值的计算机视觉算法。其中,为了快速地提取到这2个细节,自动阈值分割、帧差法、背景差分法、重心法、图像卷积和骨架细化等耗时极短的图像处理方法被应用到这项研究当中。初步试验显示这种算法在应用过程中是高效而可行的。它可以被广泛地应用到水环境监测领域,如研究有毒物质对青鳉鱼行为特性的影响和评估水环境的危险程度。     

Comparison of Expected Crash and Injury Reduction from Production Forward Collision and Lane Departure Warning Systems

Objectives: The U.S. New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) now tests for forward collision warning (FCW) and lane departure warning (LDW). The design of these warnings differs greatly between vehicles and can result in different real-world field performance in preventing or mitigating the effects of collisions. The objective of this study was to compare the expected number of crashes and injured drivers that could be prevented if all vehicles in the fleet were equipped with the FCW and LDW systems tested under the U.S. NCAP.

Methods: To predict the potential crashes and serious injury that could be prevented, our approach was to computationally model the U.S. crash population. The models simulated all rear-end and single-vehicle road departure collisions that occurred in a nationally representative crash database (NASS-CDS). A sample of 478 single-vehicle crashes from NASS-CDS 2012 was the basis for 24,822 simulations for LDW. A sample of 1,042 rear-end collisions from NASS-CDS years 1997–2013 was the basis for 7,616 simulations for FCW. For each crash, 2 simulations were performed: (1) without the system present and (2) with the system present. Models of each production safety system were based on 54 model year 2010–2014 vehicles that were evaluated under the NCAP confirmation procedure for LDW and/or FCW. NCAP performed 40 LDW and 45 FCW tests of these vehicles.

Results: The design of the FCW systems had a dramatic impact on their potential to prevent crashes and injuries. Between 0 and 67% of crashes and 2 and 69% of moderately to fatally injured drivers in rear-end impacts could have been prevented if all vehicles were equipped with the FCW systems. Earlier warning times resulted in increased benefits. The largest effect on benefits, however, was the lower operating speed threshold of the systems. Systems that only operated at speeds above 20 mph were less than half as effective as those that operated above 5 mph with similar warning times. The production LDW systems could have prevented between 11 and 23% of drift-out-of-lane crashes and 13 and 22% of seriously to fatally injured drivers. A majority of the tested LDW systems delivered warnings near the point when the vehicle first touched the lane line, leading to similar benefits. Minimum operating speed also greatly affected LDW effectiveness.

Conclusions: The results of this study show that the expected field performance of FCW and LDW systems are highly dependent on the design and system limitations. Systems that delivered warnings earlier and operated at lower speeds may prevent far more crashes and injuries than systems that warn late and operate only at high speeds. These results suggest that future FCW and LDW evaluation should prioritize early warnings and full-speed range operation. A limitation of this study is that additional crash avoidance features that may also mitigate collisions—for example, brake assist, automated braking, or lane-keeping assistance—were not evaluated during the NCAP tests or in our benefits models. The potential additional mitigating effects of these systems were not quantified in this study.     

基于耗氧速率预警重金属对活性污泥的抑制性

基于耗氧速率(OUR)的预警技术,以Cu2+、Zn2+的例(ρ(MLSS)=2 000 mg/L)研究了重金属对活性污泥的抑制作用,剂量由20 mg/L提高至60 mg/L时,Cu2+和Zn2+抑制率为分别由33%、38%,提高至77%、63%,存在剂量-效应关系。考察得知:4种重金属离子在特定条件下毒性大小顺序为:Cu2+Zn2+Cd2+Cr3+。通过单因素和正交试验确定了最优运行参数:ρ(MLSS)为500 mg/L,HRT为10 min。在此条件下模拟毒性冲击的生产性试验表明:Zn2+和Cu2+(5 mg/L)冲击的平均抑制率分别为22.3%、56.6%,反馈时间20 min。因此,基于OUR的废水毒性预警技术能够及时、准确地反馈出重金属对活性污泥的影响。     

水质发光细菌生物毒性的重金属剂量效应研究

重金属及类金属元素是水质中重要的毒性指标,通过开展这些元素单因子及多因子复合与发光细菌生物毒性剂量效应的分析实验,研究不同重金属对发光细菌的毒性影响大小.单因子评价采用计算测量浓度和相对发光度的相关性曲线,根据EC50来分类毒性物质的毒性大小,结果显示毒性从大至小依次为汞、砷、铅、镉.多因子复合评价采用四元五水平回归设计的方式,应用数据统计软件进行数据处理和分析,结果显示砷、镉、汞、铅四元复合时,元素砷对相对发光度影响的主因子效应明显,即砷为主效因子.可以看出在四种元素中,元素砷无论是单因素还是复合因素对发光细菌均有很大的毒性.     

新中国成立至改革开放前我国应对海洋灾害的实践及启示

梳理和总结新中国初期我国应对海洋灾害的实践,有助于我们了解海洋灾害的应对措施并为当今提供借鉴。通过对我国海洋灾害史料的分析和总结,得知从新中国成立至改革开放前这一时期内,"防重于救"是我国应对海洋灾害的的主要指导思想,在海洋灾害预测预警、建设防护性工程、群众自救和政府辅以必要救济等方面发挥了重要作用,并为之后我国应对海洋灾害打下了一定基础。     

山东省海洋灾害观测预警系统

山东省所辖海域海洋灾害种类繁多、发生频率高,给山东省的社会经济发展及人民群众生命财产安全带来巨大压力。介绍了国家海洋局北海预报中心(山东省海洋预报台)基于山东省立体海洋观测网、海洋精细化预报系统和防灾减灾综合信息平台构建的山东省海洋灾害观测预警系统。该系统在海洋防灾减灾工作中得到广泛应用,并取得了明显的社会、经济、生态效益,为山东省港口安全生产、渔船海上作业、石油开发及应急指挥决策、风暴潮灾害辅助决策、沉船及落水人员搜救等提供了有力的支持。