汉江上游黄坪村段东汉时期古洪水水文学研究

对汉江上游郧县黄坪村剖面的沉积学特征及所在河段地貌进行了研究。发现剖面中夹有典型古洪水沉积物,其记录了发生于1 900~1 700 a B.P的古洪水事件。根据水文学和沉积学原理,利用尖灭点法和SWD厚度与含沙量关系法恢复的古洪水行洪水位高程分别为15495和15685 m,用比降法恢复的古洪水洪峰流量为65 320和74 442 m3/s。根据2011年汉江洪水洪峰痕迹高程用相同方法反推洪水流量,用Baker提出的河流流域面积与洪水洪峰流量关系进行了验证,证实所恢复的古洪水洪峰流量是合理的     

东太湖渔业养殖对沉积物营养盐的影响

湖泊渔业是我国淡水渔业的重要组成部分.传统的渔业养殖模式对湖泊生态系统产生了严重的负面影响.近年来,东太湖的围网养殖模式进行了优化调整.本文通过对比东太湖不同区域(养殖网围内、养殖网围外,蟹草养殖区、混养养殖区、恢复区与对照区),不同时间(1、3、4、8与11月),以及沉积物不同深度(0~1 cm与9~10 cm)的理化指标数据,来分析湖泊水产养殖对沉积物理化性质的影响.结果表明,养殖网围内沉积物中总氮、总磷含量略高于网围外;与蟹草养殖区相比,混养养殖区沉积物中总氮、总磷含量更低,造成的污染更小;恢复区生长和分布大量水生植物,对已污染湖泊的生态恢复有一定的帮助;在水生植物生长的旺季,沉积物中总氮、总磷含量最低,说明水生植物能有效控制沉积物中的氮磷.     

小流域生态经济型水土保持综合治理研究

文中介绍了根据辽东山区生态环境和自然资源特点，以市场规律为指导，在水土保持生态环境建设中，将小流域水土流失防治与资源开发紧密结合起来，促进了流域生态经济同步发展的经验，进而探讨了小流域治理生态经济良性循环可持续发展有效途径     

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDIES ON THE BORDER OF THE EASTERN PARTS OF AREOGRAPHY OF MICHELIA YUNNANENSIS

This paper studies the morphological taxonomy, origination,ecological environment, floristic geography, community, regeneration,biomass.seed character,breeding and their biomass.and the relationship of the relative growth in the yearing seedling of Michelia yunnunensis, especially in the border of the eastern parts of the areography of Michelia vannanensis.     

基于能源碳排放预测的中国东部地区达峰策略制定

中国东部的11个省市是中国经济最发达的地区,其碳排放量约占全国碳排放量的1/2.随着气候变化的加剧和国际社会的关注,中国政府制定了区域差异化的达峰目标,因此,预测该地区碳排放对于评估中国能否实现达峰目标具有重要意义.本文基于中国东部11省市1997-2017年的面板数据,采用STIRPAT模型来预测不同情景下的碳排放趋势,并据此分析东部地区整体碳排放达峰的可能性.结果发现,有7个省市碳排放可能在2030年之前达峰,其中,北京、上海将最早出现碳排放峰值,达峰时间可能为2022年;然而,另外4个省市碳排放较难在2030年之前达峰.从东部地区整体来看,该地区碳排放达峰时间在2028-2033年,峰值为5018.03×10⁶~5497.20×10⁶ t.因此,东部地区整体碳排放可以在2030年左右达峰,为较好地实现中国整体碳排放达峰目标奠定了基础;此外,考虑到东部各省市的碳排放达峰情况存在差异,应根据各省市的实际情况制定差异化的达峰目标.     

The Commons in Transition: Agrarian and Environmental Change in Central and Eastern Europe

This paper analyzes institutional dynamics surrounding common-pool resources in postsocialist Central and Eastern Europe. It is conceived in close conjunction with the case studies by Penov, Schleyer, and Wasilewski and Krukowski (this issue). The purpose of this paper is to frame the individual case inquiries, compare their findings, and relate those to broader agrarian and environmental changes in the region.The case studies report a broad shift in resource governance from the previously dominant legal and administrative state hierarchies towards markets. In addition, state power has moved from central towards local authorities. The waning and decentralization of state power has caused the emergence of significant gaps between property legislation and rights-in-practice, which have been particularly stark in fragmented political systems. The discrepancy between legal texts and rights-in-practice leads to the exclusion of wider interests in favor of individual interests in the management of common-pool resources, resulting in resource deterioration and dwindling resource stocks. Thus, the comparative assessment suggests a tentative framework for understanding the effects of postsocialist transformations on governance of the commons and environmental change in Central and Eastern Europe. Its findings indicate an additional dimension to the diversity and distributive conflicts characterizing postsocialist privatization: the distribution of various rights to a resource among different actors. The findings also suggest the need for postsocialist states to take an active role in the governance of common-pool resources, particularly in the enforcement of legal rights. Note: This version was published online in June 2005 with the cover date of August 2004.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

CHANGING A GREAT CITY IN EASTERN EUROPE — CRACOW: ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES1

ABSTRACT: The main factor in the location of medieval Cracow was drainage. In the 700-year history of the City, there were numerous changes in water conditions, particularly in channel network, runoff, ground water level, and ice phenomena. The most dangerous threat to surface water and ground water in Cracow in the last decades has been from industrial and municipal sewage. Currently there are no rivers that meet Drinking Water Quality standards in Cracow. The quality of the ground water has declined because of infiltration of contaminated river water, water from sewage disposal ponds, and pollution from the atmosphere and soil. Cracow does not have enough waste water plants to meet its needs. Most municipal and industrial sewage has not been treated or has been treated only partially. Because of considerable contamination of surface and ground waters in Cracow, more than half of the city's fresh water is pumped about 50 kilometers from a reservoir on the Raba River. A Polish government declaration of April 4, 1989, recognized Cracow as an area of particular protection, and directed that a number of actions be undertaken for the protection of environmental quality.     

皖东地区野韭菜的开发与利用

文章介绍了野韭菜的基本生物特性，综合分析了其食用价值和潜在的药用价值，提出了野韭菜开发利用的基本对策。     

海南东部河口和近岸海域总溶解态无机砷的分布及季节变化

利用氢化物发生原子荧光法对2006年12月和2007年8月航次海南东部河流、河口、近岸及地下水中的总溶解态无机砷(total dissolved inorganic arsenic,TDIAs,As5++As3+)进行了测定.2006年12月万泉河及河口、文昌/文教河及河口、近岸TDIAs的浓度分别为4.0～9.4、1.3～13.3、13.3～17.3 nmol.L-1,2007年8月万泉河及河口、文昌/文教河及河口、近岸、地下水TDIAs的浓度分别为1.6～15.5、2.4～15.9、10.8～17.6、未检出～41.7 nmol.L-1.结果表明,万泉河及文昌/文教河河流、河口TDIAs的浓度不存在显著性季节变化,较我国及世界其它河流、河口偏低,处于自然状态.砷在万泉河口和文昌/文教河口混合过程中均表现为保守混合.以文昌/文教河为例,初步估算出2007年文昌/文教河口地下水向沿岸砷的输送通量为1 153 mol.a-1,约为文昌/文教河砷入海通量的二分之一,表明海南东部沿岸地下水也是沿岸海区砷的主要来源之一.