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171.
The widespread concern about pollution caused by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) raises the question of how they affect soil microbial communities which are potentially involved in the transformation of these pollutants. Using microcosms, we describe the effect of anthracene, a model PAH, on microbial communities inhabiting a Pinus halepensis litter from both coastal (COS) and inland (INL) Mediterranean sites. The microcosms were incubated over 3 months (25 °C, 60% WHC) and the effects of anthracene on microbial activities of both litters were monitored. Different enzyme activities (laccase, cellulase, β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase) and microbial respiration were measured and variations in litter chemical composition over incubation were determined using 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) from both sites. Our results show that lignocellulolytic enzymes increased markedly after a 3-month incubation in COS microcosms, especially in the presence of anthracene, whereas INL microcosms were not similarly affected. These results show that anthracene not only has no toxic effect on the microbial activities tested but actually enhances the lignocellulolytic activities of the fungal communities from coastal litters, demonstrating the detoxification potential and resistance of stressed Mediterranean coastal ecosystems. 相似文献
172.
J. D. Warthen J. W. Avery R. T. Cunningham J. M. Cook 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):333-347
Abstract Commercially prepared ceralure‐B1, an attractant for the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), was evaluated in trapping tests by comparison with commercial ceralure and trimedlure. Jackson traps were used for medfly captures. The residual ceralure‐B1, ceralure, and trimedlure contents of aged dispensers were determined. The results of this study show that male medfly captures from traps with ceralure‐B1 were as high or higher than male medfly captures from traps with twice the quantity of ceralure or trimedlure. The use of regioselectively synthesized ceralure‐B1, enriched in B1, as a source of a more potent attractant than commercial ceralure and as a more persistent male medfly attractant than trimedlure is reported. 相似文献
173.
The assessment of marine pollution due to metals was made for surficial sediments sampled from 20 sites along Mediterranean
coast of Egypt. The samples were dried, acid digested and analyzed for leachable and total heavy metal contents (Cd, Co, Cr,
Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (air–acetylene) with deuterium background correction.
Evaluation of the heavy metals pollution status was carried out using enrichment factors (EFs), the effect range-low (ERL)
and the effect range-median (ERM). The study showed high concentrations of Cd, Co, Pb, Ni and moderate concentrations of Cr,
Cu and Mn were contaminated in the sediments of studied sites. The results of Spearman correlation, factor and cluster analysis
of the heavy metals analyzed in the collected sediment were discussed. The main source of contamination is the offshore oil
field and industrial wastes, which arise due to the ineffective and inefficient operation equipments, illegal discharge and
lack of supervision and prosecution of offenders. 相似文献
174.
N. A. Gazaliev 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2000,31(1):32-35
The abundance, structure, and distribution of oribatid communities in high-mountain pine forest biotopes of the Eastern Caucasus
are described in dependence on elevation above sea level. The oribatid fauna of high-mountain pine forests proved to be characterized
by high abundance, an assortment of dominants, and species richness. It was shown that, as the elevation increases, specific
dominants typical of particular altitudinal zones appear in communities, and changes in the mass species occur. These species
are stable in terms of their long-term dynamics, and zonal groups (communities) demonstrate a high species diversity. 相似文献
175.
Zbyněk Večeřa Pavel Mikuška Jiří Smolík Kostas Eleftheriadis Charlotte Bryant Ian Colbeck Mihalis Lazaridis 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(1):117-125
Measurements of nitrogen dioxide, nitrous and nitric acids as well as ozone were made using newly developed instrumentation
onboard the research vessel Aegeon in the Aegean Sea between 25th–29th July 2000. Typical nitrogen dioxide concentrations observed aboard the boat were 4–6 ppb
(v/v) with a broad maximum of 20–30 ppb (v/v). Ozone concentrations typically ranged between 40 and 80 ppb (v/v). Mixing ratios of both nitric and nitrous acids in the ambient air of the Aegean Sea were mainly below 50 ppt (v/v). The data also showed a number of short pollution episodes with rapid changes in the concentration of reactive nitrogen
compounds [nitrogen dioxide maximum up to 164 ppb (v/v), nitric acid maximum up to 12 ppb (v/v), nitrous acid maximum up to 2.7 ppb (v/v)] and ozone [maximum up to 88 ppb (v/v)]. These episodes were correlated with pollution plumes originating from boats upwind, at short distance, from the R/V Aegeon. The measurements revealed the importance of nitrous and nitric acids for the transport of nitrogen to marine biota in busy
ship lanes. 相似文献
176.
Sediment and carbon accumulation in a small tidal basin: Yuehu,Shandong Peninsula,China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A small sedimentary basin (the Yuehu lagoon), located at the eastern tip of Shandong Peninsula, China, was selected to study its filling by sediment and the vertical flux of particulate organic carbon in response to natural/anthropogenic processes. Surficial and short core sediment samples were collected and analyzed to obtain data sets of grain size, organic carbon content, deposition rates and vertical fluxes of sediment and organic carbon. The analytical results show that the lagoon is covered mainly with fine-grained sediments with high deposition rate and particulate organic carbon content being found from the central part of the mud deposit. The sediment balance of the lagoon indicates high denudation rates of the catchment basin, which may be related to soil erosion in response to farming and land use pattern changes. Furthermore, preliminary analysis of the organic carbon fluxes of the Yuehu lagoon and other embayments of the region shows that these coastal systems make an important contribution to the regional shallow sea carbon burial. 相似文献
177.
An inhibitor of urease activity effectively reduces ammonia emissions from soil treated with urea under Mediterranean conditions 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Alberto Sanz-Cobena Thomas H.Misselbrook Augusto Arce Juan I. Mingot Jose Antonio Diez Antonio Vallejo 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2008,126(3-4):243-249
Urea is an important source of ammonia (NH3) emissions to the atmosphere from agricultural soils. Abatement strategies are necessary in order to achieve NH3 emission targets by reducing those emissions. In this context, a field experiment was carried out on a sunflower crop in spring 2006 with the aim of evaluating the effect of the N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) in the mitigation of volatilized NH3 from a urea-fertilised soil. Ammonia emission was quantified, using the integrated horizontal flux (IHF) method, following application of urea with and without the urease inhibitor NBPT. Urea and a mixture of urea and NBPT (0.14%, w/w) were surface-applied at a rate of 170 kg N ha−1 to circular plots (diameter 40 m). The soil was irrigated with 10 mm of water just after the application of urea to dissolve and incorporate it into the upper layer of soil. Over the duration of the measurement period (36 days) three peaks of NH3 were observed. The first peak was associated with hydrolysis of urea after irrigation and the others with the increase of ammonia in soil solution after changes in atmospheric variables such as wind speed and rainfall. The total NH3 emission during the whole experiment was 17.3 ± 0.5 kg NH3–N ha−1 in the case of urea treated soils and 10.0 ± 2.2 kg NH3–N ha−1 where NBPT was included with the urea (10.1 and 5.9%, respectively, of the applied urea–N). The lower NH3 emissions from plots fertilised with urea + NBPT, compared with urea alone, were associated with a reduction in urease activity during the first 9 days after inhibitor application. This reduction in enzymatic activity promoted a decrease in the exchangeable NH4+ pool. 相似文献
178.
陇东黄土高原石油污染土壤环境因子对金盏菊(Calendula officinalis)-微生物联合修复的响应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为筛选适合陇东黄土高原石油污染土壤修复植物,选取当地"适生"植物金盏菊(Calendula officinalis)联合微生物菌剂开展了为期5个月的原位修复实验.采用常规方法和PCR-DGGE技术分析了修复过程中土壤理化性质、酶活性及土壤微生物群落遗传多样性等15项土壤环境因子的动态变化情况及其对金盏菊生态修复的响应.结果表明,随着原位修复的进行,1土壤脲酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶及脱氢酶活性均不同程度呈增加的趋势(p0.05).2土壤TPHs、p H、有机质、含盐率的变化情况不尽相同,但总体呈下降的趋势(p0.05);土壤碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾含量总体呈上升趋势(p0.05).3土壤微生物群落遗传多样性结果显示,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数整体呈逐步增加的趋势.4PCA分析结果显示,土壤脲酶、脱氢酶及碱解氮等环境因子对金盏菊修复表现为促进作用,而有机质含量过高将不利于金盏菊的植物修复.金盏菊和微生物菌剂联合修复过程中,土壤多酚氧化酶、速效磷、脱氢酶及速效钾发挥主要作用,而土壤TPHs和含盐率过高则影响了联合修复效果.本研究旨在分析金盏菊用于陇东地区油污土壤的生态响应,结果有助于筛选出适合陇东黄土高原土壤类别-适生植物-土著降解菌群的组合,利用乡土物种的适生性降低修复成本,为陇东地区油污土壤生态修复提供新的技术方案和背景资料. 相似文献
179.
How does agricultural intensification modulate changes in plant community composition? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Laura José-María José M. Blanco-MorenoLaura Armengot F. Xavier Sans 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,145(1):77-84
Agricultural intensification, at local and landscape scales, has caused a decrease in plant diversity and changes in species composition in cereal fields. To better understand the role of landscape complexity and farming systems in shaping plant assemblages, it is of interest to focus on functional traits rather than on floristic composition, which may help to highlight trends in vegetation patterns. We analysed the relative abundance of various functional attributes (different life forms, growth forms, wind-pollinated species and wind-dispersed species) at three contrasted field positions (boundary, edge and centre) of 29 organic and 29 conventional cereal fields distributed in 15 agrarian localities of NE Spain. Agricultural intensification affected the biological attributes of the vegetation in dryland Mediterranean cereal fields; local factors (farming system and position) had a more prominent role in affecting plant functional composition than the surrounding landscape. Local factors were important for life form distribution, growth form and pollination type, whereas landscape complexity mainly affected the proportion of wind-dispersed species. Therefore, depending on the objective of the study, it is important to select functional attributes sensitive to the different scales of agricultural intensification, especially because landscape complexity and land-use intensity are commonly related. 相似文献
180.