近年福建沿海的赤潮灾害

近年来,福建沿海主要港湾和养殖区不断有赤潮灾害发生.赤潮爆发不仅破坏生态环境和海洋渔业资源,造成重大经济损失,而且还对人体健康和生命有严重危害.本文就1989年以来发生在福建沿岸的赤潮灾害进行详细报道,同时提出了福建省赤潮灾害的特点及应采取的防治措施.     

太湖沉积物重金属污染生态风险的综合评价

为研究太湖沉积物重金属污染的生态风险。在2012年2月采集太湖7个采样点的表层沉积物,分析测定重金属总量以及可交换态和碳酸盐结合态的金属含量,采用风险评价准则、潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物重金属污染进行生态风险评价。结果表明:太湖沉积物中重金属除竺山湾处于偏中度污染水平,其他各点均处于轻度污染状态。全湖Ni、Zn和Cu的可利用态比例较高。太湖沉积物重金属污染为低生态风险,竺山湾生态风险高于其他地区。Ni和Pb的生态风险高于其他金属。需对太湖竺山湾污染物排放进行控制,对全湖沉积物中Ni污染进行优先控制与去除。     

典型化工园区民众对生态恢复的参与研究

通过问卷探讨泰兴化工园区民众对生态恢复的认知度和参与度,分析民众参与生态恢复的影响因素.研究发现:园区民众生态恢复意识处于政府依赖型,忽视科研部门的指导作用;性别、年龄、文化程度和职业是影响民众生态恢复认知、诉求意愿与途径的主要因素,此外,民众对生态恢复的参与深度虽受年龄、文化程度、职业和当地居住时间的影响,但与性别和...     

淀山湖富营养化控制的模型研究

针对淀山湖富营养化严重的问题,应用USEPA的AQUATOX模型对淀山湖水体中营养盐时间变化规律和藻类生长演替进行了研究。在对模型率定、验证的基础上．对水力条件、污染源等富营养控制方案的效果进行模拟。模拟结果显示：该生态模型较好地模拟了常规水质和藻类的动态变化;改善淀山湖的水力条件,能有效控制蓝藻水华的暴发;淀山湖污染负荷主要来自于上游负荷;在控磷和控氮的对比上．蓝藻对于控制磷比较敏感。对于淀山湖富营养化的治理应采取控源与生态修复并举的方式,这样有利于有效稳定水质改善的效果。     

关于省级生态环境监测机构发展规划的思考

在剖析新形势下生态环境监测发展形势需求的基础上,分析了生态环境监测机构发展在精准支撑环境管理、提升监测科研创新驱动力和建设高水平人才队伍等方面存在的问题。提出了以支撑、服务、引领生态环境决策管理为导向,深化制度建设、强化人才队伍、加强科研创新、夯实基础能力、打造特色亮点,全面提升核心竞争力的省级生态环境监测机构发展规划思路,以及环境监测预警能力建设、科研创新发展、人才队伍建设、体制机制建设等方面建设任务。为实现生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化,全面改善生态环境质量提供有力支撑。     

生物可利用性及其在重金属污染生态风险评价中的作用

通过化学方法可以确定重金属污染的生物可利用性,常用的化学方法主要有化学试剂提取法、酸挥发性硫化物方法、毒性特征浸取过程方法、薄层梯度扩散方法、同住素稀释技术。由形态分析结果得到生物可利用浓度或者剂量可以进行定量生态风险评价;通过生物可利用浓度或剂量与毒性参数的比值分析可以进行定性风险评价。     

葫芦岛市可持续发展定量评价研究

介绍了生态足迹的理论和计算方法,运用生态足迹指标并结合其它生态经济学指标对葫芦岛市可持续发展进行了定量评价研究。研究表明:葫芦岛市生态系统处于人类过度开发利用和压力下,区域经济社会发展处于不可持续状态。     

Modelling the effect of planktivorous fish removal in a reservoir on the biomass of cyanobacteria

In 2002, a “top-down” biomanipulation (reduction of biomass of planktivorous fish Carassius auratus) had been successfully carried out in a small reservoir of the river Bugach (Krasnoyarsk, Russia), after which the cyanobacterial blooming ceased. However, the reservoir ecosystem was absolutely free of Daphnia – the main link of trophic cascade. As supposed, the reduction of blooming was the result of suppression of a direct stimulation effect of planktivorous fish on cyanobacteria, revealed earlier in laboratory experiments. The question arose as to whether the effect of stimulation of cyanobacteria revealed in laboratory may lead to the changes in biomass of cyanobacteria in the reservoir, observed after the biomanipulation.To test this supposition, a mathematical model describing growth of cyanobacteria in the reservoir was developed. The modelling results and field data on biomass of cyanobacteria in summer closely coincided. Modelling calculations showed that direct influence of planktivorous fish could cause the second summer peak of water blooming by Microcystis. On the contrary, removal of crucian carp from the reservoir will not affect the level of water blooming caused by cyanobacteria Anabaena, as this species’ growth is not stimulated by fish.     

Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from a typical plateau lake wetland, China

Surface sediment (0-15 cm) samples were collected from 31 different grid points throughout the Yilong Lake in April 2004. Samples were subjected to a total digestion technique and analyzed for As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn in order to study spatial distribution characteristics based on Kriging method and assess their ecological risks posed by these heavy metals. Results showed that the mean concentrations of these heavy metals were lower than potential effect levels. Patches of higher heavy metal concentrations occurred in the inflow area of the Cheng River and northeast area nearby the road and railway. The higher concentrations of As and Cr also appeared in the east area (lake outlet), while the patches of lower concentrations were uniformly distributed at the southwest corner between Luosewan and Xiaoguoxi. The heavy metal loads such as As, Cd and Pb might come from the common sources due to industrial sewage and traffic pollution, while higher concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Zn in these sediments were dominated by parent rocks. However, Cu originated from both sources. Sediments with respect to As, Cd and Cu were grouped below the effect range low (ERL) at all sites, and with respect to Cr and Pb were grouped into the range from ERL to the effect range median (ERM) at more than 50% of sampling sites. The mean heavy metal toxic units in the Yilong Lake decreased following the order Pb > Cr > As > Ni > Zn > Cd > Cu, with higher contributions to the sum of toxic units of Pb, Cr and As.     

A Screening-Level Assessment of Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc in Fish and Crayfish from Northeastern Oklahoma, USA

The objective of this study was to evaluate potential human and ecological risks associated with metals in fish and crayfish from mining in the Tri-States Mining District (TSMD). Crayfish (Orconectes spp.) and fish of six frequently consumed species (common carp, Cyprinus carpio; channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus; flathead catfish, Pylodictis olivaris; largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides; spotted bass, M. punctulatus; and white crappie, Pomoxis annularis) were collected in 2001--2002 from the Oklahoma waters of the Spring River (SR) and Neosho River (NR), which drain the TSMD. Samples from a mining-contaminated site in eastern Missouri and from reference sites were also analyzed. Individual fish were prepared for human consumption in the manner used locally by Native Americans (headed, eviscerated, and scaled) and analyzed for lead, cadmium, and zinc. Whole crayfish were analyzed as composite samples of 5--60 animals. Metals concentrations were typically higher in samples from sites most heavily affected by mining and lowest in reference samples. Within the TSMD, most metals concentrations were higher at sites on the SR than on the NR and were typically highest in common carp and crayfish than in other taxa. Higher concentrations and greater risk were associated with fish and crayfish from heavily contaminated SR tributaries than the SR or NR mainstems. Based on the results of this and previous studies, the human consumption of carp and crayfish could be restricted based on current criteria for lead, cadmium, and zinc, and the consumption of channel catfish could be restricted due to lead. Metals concentrations were uniformly low in Micropterus spp. and crappie and would not warrant restriction, however. Some risk to carnivorous avian wildlife from lead and zinc in TSMD fish and invertebrates was also indicated, as was risk to the fish themselves. Overall, the wildlife assessment is consistent with previously reported biological effects attributed to metals from the TSMD. The results demonstrate the potential for adverse effects in fish, wildlife, and humans and indicate that further investigation of human health and ecological risks, to include additional exposure pathways and endpoints, is warranted.This study was conducted by the Columbia Environmental Research Center (CERC) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and cooperating organizations and government agencies. All field and laboratory procedures conformed to the “Guidelines for the use of fishes in research” of the American Fisheries Society (AFS), Institute of Fishery Research Biologists (AIFRB), and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH) Use of Fishes in Research Committee (AFS, AIFRB, and ASIH 2004), and with all USGS and CERC guidelines for the humane treatment of test organisms during culture and experimentation. Use of trade names does not constitute USGS or U.S. government endorsement.