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541.
Importance of jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (Orbigny, 1835) in the pelagic ecosystem of the central Gulf of California 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
R. Rosas-Luis C.A. Salinas-Zavala V. Koch P. Del Monte Luna M.V. Morales-Zrate 《Ecological modelling》2008,218(1-2):149-161
The Humboldt squid is an important predator in the pelagic ecosystem of the central Gulf of California and the commercial catch of this species has increased over the past decade, probable due to a decrease of several top predators (sharks, large pelagic fish and the marine mammals) and the optimal feeding conditions in this area. Its high abundance and important position in the pelagic food web was quantified through two trophic models of the pelagic ecosystem of the central Gulf of California. Models represented conditions in 1980 and 2002, to document the decadal changes in ecosystem structure and function. The models were composed of 18 functional groups, including marine mammals, birds, fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and primary producers. Model results show direct negative effects on principal prey groups such as myctophids and pelagic red crab and positive effects on sharks, marine mammals and specifically sperm whales. It thus appears that the jumbo squid has an important role in the ecosystem and plays a central part in the overall energy flow as main food item for most top predators, and due to its predation of organisms on lower tropic levels. 相似文献
542.
The contamination of groundwater in the aquifer of the La Llagosta basin (Besòs river basin) due to waste disposal in quarries
formerly used for the extraction of dry raw materials has led to the cessation of groundwater extraction for public water
supply. The mobilization of pollutants was largely caused by fluctuations in piezometric levels, which led to the washing
of buried waste. The hydrogeochemical processes associated with uncontrolled waste disposal in these landfilled areas of the
La Llagosta basin aquifer were studied along a flow path that crosses the contaminated area. The PHREEQC code was used to
establish the reactions associated with the different mineral phases through inverse modeling. This transport code, ionic
exchange phenomena, surface reactions and balance (mineral phase) reactions were used to simulate the dilution phenomenon
associated with the pollution after the potential removal of the sources of contamination. One-dimensional advective–dispersive
modeling indicates a substantial reduction in Ca, Mg, Na and SO42− within one year and stabilization within four years. 相似文献
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Objective: A 3-phase real-world motor vehicle crash (MVC) reconstruction method was developed to analyze injury variability as a function of precrash occupant position for 2 full-frontal Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) cases.Method: Phase I: A finite element (FE) simplified vehicle model (SVM) was developed and tuned to mimic the frontal crash characteristics of the CIREN case vehicle (Camry or Cobalt) using frontal New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) crash test data. Phase II: The Toyota HUman Model for Safety (THUMS) v4.01 was positioned in 120 precrash configurations per case within the SVM. Five occupant positioning variables were varied using a Latin hypercube design of experiments: seat track position, seat back angle, D-ring height, steering column angle, and steering column telescoping position. An additional baseline simulation was performed that aimed to match the precrash occupant position documented in CIREN for each case. Phase III: FE simulations were then performed using kinematic boundary conditions from each vehicle's event data recorder (EDR). HIC15, combined thoracic index (CTI), femur forces, and strain-based injury metrics in the lung and lumbar vertebrae were evaluated to predict injury.Results: Tuning the SVM to specific vehicle models resulted in close matches between simulated and test injury metric data, allowing the tuned SVM to be used in each case reconstruction with EDR-derived boundary conditions. Simulations with the most rearward seats and reclined seat backs had the greatest HIC15, head injury risk, CTI, and chest injury risk. Calculated injury risks for the head, chest, and femur closely correlated to the CIREN occupant injury patterns. CTI in the Camry case yielded a 54% probability of Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ chest injury in the baseline case simulation and ranged from 34 to 88% (mean = 61%) risk in the least and most dangerous occupant positions. The greater than 50% probability was consistent with the case occupant's AIS 2 hemomediastinum. Stress-based metrics were used to predict injury to the lower leg of the Camry case occupant. The regional-level injury metrics evaluated for the Cobalt case occupant indicated a low risk of injury; however, strain-based injury metrics better predicted pulmonary contusion. Approximately 49% of the Cobalt occupant's left lung was contused, though the baseline simulation predicted 40.5% of the lung to be injured.Conclusions: A method to compute injury metrics and risks as functions of precrash occupant position was developed and applied to 2 CIREN MVC FE reconstructions. The reconstruction process allows for quantification of the sensitivity and uncertainty of the injury risk predictions based on occupant position to further understand important factors that lead to more severe MVC injuries. 相似文献
545.
甘肃省城镇不同收入水平群体家庭生态足迹计算 总被引:14,自引:2,他引:12
生态足迹是测度环境可持续发展的新方法。家庭生态足迹H(ousehold EcologicalFootprint,H EF)是利用生态足迹方法研究家庭消费所产生的环境影响。通过计算不同收入水平群体的家庭生态足迹,比较不同收入水平群体H EF差异,可以进一步揭示各收入水平群体间存在的“生态足迹掠夺”和生态足迹占用公平性。在阐述家庭生态足迹内涵意义及计算方法的基础上,以甘肃省2002年城镇不同收入水平群体为例进行实证研究。通过计算得到甘肃省2002年不同收入群体的家庭生态足迹分别为:最高收入群1.412×106ghm2,高收入群1.131×106ghm2,较高收入群1.860×106ghm2,中等收入1.793×106ghm2,较低收入群1.536×106ghm2,低收入群0.724×106ghm2,最低收入群0.578×106ghm2,全省平均1.265×106ghm2;分析经济收入与家庭生态足迹的关系表明,每增加1000元人均可支配收入,将增大0.2ghm2家庭生态足迹;引入生态足迹掠夺及总生态足迹掠夺,并进一步计算生态足迹不公平系数为0.24,表明收入不同引起的足迹消费的不公平不突出。 相似文献
546.
退耕还林还草对土地利用变化影响程度研究——以延安生态建设示范区为例 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
文章在分析延安生态建设示范区2000-2003年间各土地利用类型的数量变化和空间特征的基础上,引入退耕指数、退耕影响系数等指标研究退耕还林草对示范区土地利用结构变化的影响。结果显示,示范区已退耕坡耕地36.07%,平均每年退耕12.02%,全区的退耕影响系数高达4.76,该结果表明大规模的退耕还林草活动对区域土地利用变化的影响很大,它推动了土地利用结构的优化。分乡镇的研究显示,退耕对示范区各乡镇土地利用变化的影响存在一定的差异,除2个乡镇的退耕影响系数远远低于全区平均水平外,其他7个乡镇都高于全区平均水平。 相似文献
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