长江靖江段刀鲚捕捞量的时间变化及相关环境因子分析

江苏靖江段位于长江近口段,是长江刀鲚渔汛最集中的水域。调查了靖江段2008、2009、2012~2015年6个渔汛期的捕捞数据,采用广义可加模型(GAM模型)分析了刀鲚捕捞量与靖江段表层水温、潮差、气压、降水量、浑浊度、CODMn等环境因子之间的相关性。调查显示,靖江段每年发放刀鲚专项渔业捕捞证84~95本,平均年作业天数28~43 d,2012~2015年的作业天数比2008~2009年明显下降。6个渔汛期刀鲚的年捕捞量变幅为3.71~17.38万尾和3.61~18.26 t,除2013年外,年捕捞量总体上仍呈下降趋势。采用GAM模型对10艘持证渔船的刀鲚日捕捞量与环境因子之间的相关性分析显示,日捕捞量随水温的升高而递增,汛期78.8%的产量在15~23.2℃水温范围获得。而当水温低于10℃时,空网率上升,仅获得5.7%的汛期产量。表明当水温不足10℃时,刀鲚可暂时停止其生殖洄游过程。分析还显示,69.1%的汛期产量在2.0 m以上的大潮差期获得,表明潮汐亦是影响刀鲚日捕捞量的重要因子。低浊度及气压、降水量、CODMn等对刀鲚的日捕捞量无显著性影响,但当浊度大于100 NTU时,日捕捞量迅速降低。可见,水温、潮差和高浑浊度是影响长江靖江段汛期刀鲚捕捞量的关键环境因子。     

欠发达资源富集山区的生态文明发展模式与对策建议

结合国内外区域经济发展经验和黔东南实地调研情况,分析了欠发达资源富集区和山区资源开发的一些基本特征,指出了黔东南山区的生态价值和经济价值,认为开展生态文明建设是黔东南这样欠发地区实现经济与生态双赢的理想选择。黔东南州是我国经济欠发达、资源富集、生态优质、少数民族文化独特的典型山区,具有原形的自然生态、原始的民族文化、原貌的历史遗存,其生态价值具有十分明显的比较优势。生态文明是指人与自然和谐共荣的文化价值取向、生态系统良性发展下的可持续生产、满足人类自身需要又不损害自然系统的可持续消费的一种社会形态。提出了黔东南发展生态农业、生态工业循环经济、生态旅游、生态城镇和政府绿色管理等具体发展模式,最后从宣传教育、科技创新、特色经济、生态产业链和低碳经济等提出了若干对策建议。     

220 kV高压输电线电磁辐射水平及防护距离预测

依据<500 kV超高压送变电工程电磁辐射环境影响评价技术规范>(HJ/T 24-1998)中的预测模式对监测点周围地面1.5 m处工频电场进行了验证性监测,表明实际测定结果与理论计算结果基本吻合.通过对220 kV双回同相、双回逆相和单回线路下地面1.5 m、4.5 m、和7.5 m处工频电场变化趋势分析,预测了220 kV高压输电线产生的电磁辐射水平,以及不同房屋结构的防护距离.提出了220 kV高压输电线电磁辐射的防护措施.     

生物脱臭的机理研究进展及操作参数控制

生物脱臭物质已成为当今恶臭处理研究的主流,文章对近些年来关于生物脱臭理论模型的最新研究进行了综述。主要模型包括吸收-生物膜理论,吸附-生物膜理论,生物膜随片理论。由于操作参数对生物滤床的良好运行起着关键作用,同时介绍了填料、进气流量、进气浓度、湿度等操作参数对生物脱臭的影响。     

基于STAMP模型的电网企业事故风险控制模型

事故预防和风险控制理论模型对于指导企业开展安全工作具有重要作用,智能化、信息化、自动化对电网企业的事故预防和风险控制工作提出新的挑战,因此有必要对电网企业进行事故风险控制模型研究.本文基于系统安全和风险控制理论与STAMP模型,结合我国电网企业的特点与安全现状,对电网企业事故风险控制模型进行研究,构建了基于STAMP模...     

The role of off-path glances: A quantitative analysis of rear-end conflicts involving Chinese professional truck drivers as the striking partners

Introduction: Rear-end crashes are one of the most frequent crash types in China, leading to significant economic and societal losses. The development of active safety systems – such as Automatic Emergency Braking System (AEBS) – could avoid or mitigate the consequences of these crashes in Chinese traffic situations. However, a clear understanding of the crash causation mechanisms is necessary for the design of these systems. Method: Manually coded variables were extracted from a naturalistic driving study conducted with commercial vehicles in Shanghai. Quantitative analyses of rear-end crashes and near crashes (CNC) were conducted to assess the prevalence, duration, and location of drivers’ off-path glances, the influence of lead vehicle brake lights on drivers’ last off-path glance, and driver brake onset, and the influence of off-path glances and kinematic criticality on drivers’ response to conflicts. Results: The results indicate that the Chinese truck drivers in our study rarely engage in distracting activities involving a phone or other handheld objects while driving. Instead, they direct their off-path glances mainly toward the mirrors, and the duration of off-path glances leading to critical situations are shorter compared to earlier analyses performed in Western countries. The drivers also often keep small margins. Conclusions: Overall, the combination of short time headway with off-path glances directed toward the mirror originates visual mismatches which, associated to a rapid change in the kinematic situation, cause the occurrence of rear-end CNC. When drivers look back toward the road after an off-path glance, a fast response seems to be triggered by lower values of looming compared to previous studies, possibly because of the short time headways. Practical Application: The results have practical implications for the development of driver models, for the design of active safety systems and automated driving, and for the design of campaigns promoting safe driving.     

对纳米医学材料安全性问题的思考

笔者在综合国内外研究的基础上,从风险辨识、剂量反应阈值、接触阈值、风险评价、风险管理等5个步骤进行了危害分析和控制,提出了"人体、社会环境以及纳米医学材料"三者所构成系统的安全评价模型,认为其过程可分3步来进行;针对该模型提出建立健全相关法律、法规、质量和安全标准等8项安全对策措施,以降低纳米医学材料带来的风险。     

大型水电工程胁迫下川西高山地区土地整理模式——以甘孜州泸定县为例

探讨在大型水电工程相继修建的前提下的川西高山地区土地开发整理模式,做到有效增加耕地面积,提高土地利用效率,妥善安置移民。采取实证研究和规范研究相结合的方法进行研究。研究结果表明,川西高山地区土地整理模式可采用工程防护模式、开发未利用地模式、生物工程模式和土地平整模式等。川西高山地区土地整理必须突破水利设施、土壤改造和施工条件差等3项限制性因素,从土地整理的社会效益、经济效益和生态效益的综合体进行整体效益评价。     

Comparison of regression coefficient and GIS-based methodologies for regional estimates of forest soil carbon stocks

Estimates of forest soil organic carbon (SOC) have applications in carbon science, soil quality studies, carbon sequestration technologies, and carbon trading. Forest SOC has been modeled using a regression coefficient methodology that applies mean SOC densities (mass/area) to broad forest regions. A higher resolution model is based on an approach that employs a geographic information system (GIS) with soil databases and satellite-derived landcover images. Despite this advancement, the regression approach remains the basis of current state and federal level greenhouse gas inventories. Both approaches are analyzed in detail for Wisconsin forest soils from 1983 to 2001, applying rigorous error-fixing algorithms to soil databases. Resulting SOC stock estimates are 20% larger when determined using the GIS method rather than the regression approach. Average annual rates of increase in SOC stocks are 3.6 and 1.0 million metric tons of carbon per year for the GIS and regression approaches respectively.